Industrial Biotransformations

Carnitine dehydratase
Escherichia coli
6) Literature
EC 4.2.1.89
● Hoeks, F.W.J.M.M. (1991) Verfahren zur diskontinuierlichen Herstellung von l-Carnitin auf
mikrobiologischem Weg, Lonza AG, EP 0 410 430 A2
● Jung, W., Jung, K., Kleber, H.-P. (1993) Synthesis of l-carnitine by microorganisms and isolated
enzymes, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 50, 21–44
● Kieslich, K. (1991), Biotransformations of industrial use, 5th Leipziger Biotechnology Symposium
1990, Acta Biotechnol. 11 (6), 559–570
● Kitamura, M., Ohkuma, T., Takaya, H., Noyori, R. (1988) A practical asymmetric synthesis of
carnitine, Tetrahedron Lett. 29, 1555–1556
● Kulla, H. (1991) Enzymatic hydroxylations in industrial application, CHIMICA 45, 81–85
● Kulla, H., Lehky, P., Squaratti, A. (1991) Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von
l-Carnitin, Lonza AG, EP 0 195 944 B1
● Kulla, H., Lehky, P. (1991) Verfahren zur Herstellung von l-Carnitin auf mikrobiologischem
Wege, Lonza AG, EP 0 158 194 B1
● Macy, J., Kulla, H., Gottschalk, G. (1976) H 2-dependent anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on
l-malate: succinate formation, J. Bacteriol. 125, 423–428
● Seim, H., Ezold, R., Kleber, H.-P., Strack, E. (1980) Stoffwechsel des l-Carnitins bei
Enterobakterien Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 20, 591–594
● Vandecasteele, J.-P. (1980) Enzymatic synthesis of l-carnitine by reduction of an achiral precursor:
the problem of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide recycling, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 39, 327–334
● Voeffray, R., Perlberger, J.-C., Tenud, L., Gosteli, J. (1987) l-Carnitine. Novel synthesis and
determination of the optical purity, Helv. Chim. Acta. 70, 2058–2064
● Zhou, B.-N., Gopalan, A.S., van Middlesworth, F., Shieh, W.-R., Sih, C.J. (1983) Stereochemical
control of yeast reductions. 1. Asymmetric synthesis of l-carnitine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105,
5925–5926
● Zimmermann, Th.P., Robins, K.T., Werlen, J., Hoeks, F.W.J.M.M. (1997) Bio-transformation
in the production of l-carnitine, in: Chirality in Industry (Collins, A.N., Sheldrake, G.N.,
Crosby, J., eds.), pp. 287–305, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York
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