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Document Table 1 Representative Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase and IC 50 values of compounds that inhibit 3' processing and strand transfer activities of HIV-1 integrase Compound I aurintricarboxylic acid monomer IC 50 of 3' processing (μM) IC 50 of strand transfer (μM) Page 104 Active against IN 50–212 ? Reference 10–50 n.d. n.d. 44 II cosalane n.d. 25 n.d. 45 III DHNQ 5.7 2.5 yes 47 IV primaquine 15 3.6 n.d. 46 V CAPE 220 19 yes * 46 VI quercetin 24 14 n.d. 47 VII quercetagetin 0.8 0.1 yes 47 VIII AG1717 0.4 0.16 yes 50 IX β-conidendrol 0.5 0.5 n.d. 51 X suramin 0.25 0.11 n.d. 53 XI curcumin 95 40 yes 55 XII (neocuproine) 2-Cu + 3 3 yes 56 XIII AZT-monoP i 100–150 100–150 yes 57 XIV GT 17-mer 0.092 0.046 n.d. 59 XV HCKFWW 2 2 yes 43 The third column indicates if these compounds also inhibit disintegration <strong>by</strong> IN 50–212 . n.d. = not determined. * = only if pre-incubated. http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_104.html (1 of 2) [4/5/2004 4:52:09 PM]
Document proposed mechanisms. For example, as will be seen, many topoisomerase II inhibitors also inhibit HIV integrase. While screening of chemical databases is likely underway at several pharmaceutical companies, results have either not been made available or are discouraging (see below). One foray into integrase inhibitor design—rather than discovery—has recently been described using a peptide combinatorial library approach [43]. We summarize below published reports to date (March 1996) in which compounds have been identified that inhibit integrase in in vitro assays with IC 50 values of 100 μM or less (IC 50 is the concentration at which the measured activity is inhibited <strong>by</strong> 50%). In vitro inhibition data is compiled in Table 1; structures of selected compounds are shown in Figure 9. An Effective Pharmacophore: Multiple Hydroxyl Groups on Aromatic Rings The first report of a class of compounds that inhibits HIV integrase appeared in 1992 [44]. Aurintricarboxylic acid (I) and its derivatives, known to inhibit other enzymes that process nucleic acids, were determined to inhibit 3' processing with moderate IC 50 values of 10–50 μM. As shown in Figure 9, a recurring structural theme was established early on in which integrase inhibitors often possess aromatic rings with multiple hydroxy substituents that are either located http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_104.html (2 of 2) [4/5/2004 4:52:09 PM]
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Page 85 and 86: Document Chris Tantillo. The work i
Page 87 and 88: Document Page 72 16. Goldman ME, Nu
Page 89 and 90: Document 30. Coffin JM. HIV populat
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Page 93 and 94: Document reverse transcriptase inhi
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Page 103 and 104: Document dine) and didanosine (dide
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Page 109 and 110: Document Figure 1 Retroviral lifecy
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Page 117 and 118: Document Page 92 The role of the N-
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Page 149 and 150: Document 4 Bradykinin Receptor Anta
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Document Table 1 Known Three-Dimens
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Document Page 398 with growth hormo
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Document All effects of the IL-1 fa
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Document Figure 13 The identified p
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Document B. Interleukin-1 Receptor
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Document 17 Structure and Functiona
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Document Table 1 Approval Indicatio
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Document Page 476 nM, respectively.
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Document D ddI, 152 tumour necrosis
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Document Phosphoglycerate kinase (P
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Document [Protease targets] serinyl
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