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Document active site of HIV PR. The inhibitor consists of the central diamino alcohol moiety with symmetrically distributed phenylalanine side chains and two flanking, Cbz-blocked, valine residues. Except for the asymmetric hydroxyl group, A74704 binds to the active site in a symmetric mode and the inconsistent distribution of the terminal Cbz groups is most likely caused by crystal lattice contacts and may not reflect the binding mode in solution [28]. Page 14 The design of symmetrical inhibitors was further extended to include a series of diamino, diol core units, in which the C2 axis bisects the bond connecting the two hydroxy-bearing carbon atoms [29]. Such inhibitors consistently showed greater potency than A74704, but the relative potencies of the diols differed for different diastereomers, and they did not exhibit a uniform dependence on the stereochemistry at the hydroxymethyl position. Surprisingly, high-resolution crystal structures of HIV PR with all possible diol diastereomers, (S,S, R,R and R,S) revealed that most of the inhibitors bind in a clearly asymmetric fashion placing only one of the diol hydroxyl groups on the C2 axis dissecting the active site of HIV PR and the catalytic carboxylates of Asp25/25'. The asymmetric placement of diols causes translation of inhibitors along the long axis of the active site and, as a result, the midpoint of the compounds is displaced by up to 0.9 Å from the two-fold axis of the HIV PR. Nevertheless, the dihedral angles of the symmetry-related bonds are in most cases within 10°, and the inhibitors maintain overall symmetry in the bound conformation [23,29]. The ABT-538 design was a direct consequence of the pioneering work with peptidomimetic compounds with the internal C2 symmetry [30]. Since the high-resolution crystal structures of a family of diolcontaining compounds indicated that in most cases only one of the diol hydroxyls interacts with the catalytic aspartic acids 25/25', in subsequent designs the noninteracting hydroxyl group was replaced by a hydrogen. This substitution reduced the free energy penalty required for desolvation of the hydroxyl group and increased the inhibitory potency without perturbing the binding mode of the compounds [30]. In the further search for related inhibitors with improved oral bioavailability, the focus of effort concentrated on the effect that molecular size, aqueous solubility, and hydrogen-bonding capability has on pharmacokinetic behavior. This study resulted in a smaller compound, A-80987, in which the P2' side chain of valine was eliminated and the terminal 2-pyridinyl group was replaced by 3-pyridinyl moiety that makes van der Waals contacts in the S2' subsite and forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of Asp30 [31]. The pharmacokinetic properties of A-80987 were significantly improved over larger, symmetrical compounds from this series and, at the same time, the high antiviral activity typical for these inhibitors was largely unaffected. In subsequent optimization, which focused on the metabolic stability of these inhibitors in vivo, the electron-rich and oxidation-prone pyridinyl groups were replaced by thiazoles. http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_14.html [4/5/2004 4:44:17 PM]
Document Page 15 Thiazoles are less electron-rich isosteres of pyridines and therefore it was speculated that compounds with such substitution may have improved metabolic stability [30]. The modeling of A-82200 in which the N-terminal pyridinyl group was substituted by a 4-thiazolyl moiety indicated that the 5-membered ring binds in the S3 subsite and can be further derivatized at the 2 position by an isopropyl group. The isopropyl functionality makes van der Waals contacts with Val82 and fills the hydrophobic part of the S3 subsite in nearly optimal fashion. http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_15.html (1 of 2) [4/5/2004 4:44:40 PM]
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Page 3 and 4: Structure-based Drug Design 14 Stru
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Page 11 and 12: Document TF—transframe, PR—prot
Page 13 and 14: Document compounds that utilize sim
Page 15 and 16: Document Page 11 retroviral substra
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Page 21 and 22: Document Page 17 the resulting chim
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Page 27 and 28: Document Page 23 potentially loweri
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Page 37 and 38: Document Page 33 sustained in many
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Page 45 and 46: Document 47. Tummino PJ, Ferguson D
Page 47 and 48: Document 60. Condra JH, Schleif WA,
Page 49 and 50: Document 74. Reddy RM, Varney MD, K
Page 51 and 52: Document 2 Structural Studies of HI
Page 53 and 54: Document Figure 1 (a) Chemical stru
Page 55 and 56: Document dine (3TC), and 2',3'-dide
Page 57 and 58: Document Figure Continued Page 45 r
Page 59 and 60: Document Figure 2 Ribbon diagrams o
Page 61 and 62: Document Figure 3 Overall structure
Page 63 and 64: Document monophosphate analogs whic
Page 65 and 66: Document Analysis of various HIV-1
Page 67 and 68: Document Page 54 Table 2) [12,54].
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Document Page 56 It is also attract
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Document Table 3 HIV-1 RT Amino Aci
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Document ever, once an NNRTI is bou
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Document Page 61 now clear that the
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Document Page 63 most of the amino
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Document Page 65 cal properties of
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Document Page 67 Biochemical data s
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Document Page 69 determining the me
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Document Chris Tantillo. The work i
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Document Page 72 16. Goldman ME, Nu
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Document 30. Coffin JM. HIV populat
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Document 45. Majumadar C, Abbotts J
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Document reverse transcriptase inhi
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Document 75. Ring CS, Sun E, McKerr
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Document 89. Hughes SH, Arnold E, H
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Document 106. Cirino NM, Cameron CE
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Document 122. Marshall WS, Beaton G
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Document dine) and didanosine (dide
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Document 149. Craig JC, Duncan IB,
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Document 163. Lacey SF, Larder BA.
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Document Figure 1 Retroviral lifecy
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Document Figure 2 In vivo reactions
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Document Page 88 transfer (Figure 3
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Document Page 92 The role of the N-
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Document Figure 6 Molscript stereo
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Document Page 96 region in the HIV-
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Document day junction resolving enz
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Document -62° for HIV-1 integrase,
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Document Page 101 crystallized unde
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Document Figure 8 Molscript stereo
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Document proposed mechanisms. For e
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Document Page 106 on the same ring
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Document Page 108 mulate during tre
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Document when metals are bound. Fin
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Document cubation of phosphotyrosin
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Document 4. Vink C, Plasterk RHA. T
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Document Page 115 21. Kulkosky J, J
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Document 44. Cushman M, Sherman P.
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Document 65. Gallay P, Swingler S,
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Document 4 Bradykinin Receptor Anta
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Document Page 121 Nearly all cells
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Document Page 123 were poorly satis
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Document Page 125 binding site on t
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Document Page 127 The des-Arg 9 for
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Document Page 129 tolerated by the
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Document receptor, it has not yet b
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Document Page 133 This initial stag
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Document Page 135 might be jointly
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Document Page 137 observed for the
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Document Figure 6 Rat and human B2
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Document Page 141 receptor with int
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Document Figure 9 Composition of te
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Document 16. Martorana PA, Kettenba
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Document 39. Mavunkel BJ, Lu Z, Kyl
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Document B. Pharmacology Figure 1 T
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Document We determined the structur
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Document Figure 3 Previously known
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Document large solvent channels and
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Document IV. Drug Design Progressio
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Document position eight from formin
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Document Table 1 Inhibition Data fo
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Document Page 166 As predicated, th
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Document References 1. Parks RE Jr.
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Document 17. Ealick SE, Rule SA, Ca
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Document 6 Structural Implications
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Document Figure 1 A ribbon model of
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Document Page 176 0.43 Å) as the c
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Document Page 178 studies show that
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Document Figure 5 (a) A cut away vi
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Document Page 182 (SAR) model. The
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Document IX. S2' Interactions Page
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Document Figure 6 (a) The pocket of
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Document 5. Willenbrock F, Murphy G
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Document 20. Murphy G, Docherty AJP
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Document Page 189 36. Bode W, Reine
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Document 7 Structure—Function Rel
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Document Figure 1 Reactions catalyz
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Document Figure 2 Structure of lico
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Document Figure 3 (Continued) Page
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Document Important for the validity
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Document Figure 4 Amino acids impor
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Document III. Results and Discussio
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Document Page 202 269, and valine-2
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Document Figure 6 Structure of α h
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Document Page 205 enzyme and of phe
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Document Page 207 sure and the acti
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Document 13. Wilson RC, Krozowski Z
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Document 29. Baker ME. Genealogy of
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Document 46. Ribas dePoplana L, Fot
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Document Page 214 viruses. Specific
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Document Figure 1 (Continued) this
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Document Page 218 The catalytic loo
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Document Page 220 conserved substra
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Document Figure 3 (a) Ternary compl
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Document Figure 5 (a) Staurosporine
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Document protein kinase core is ess
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Document 10. Knighton DR, Zheng J-H
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Document 24. Madhusudan Xuong N-H,
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Document 9 Structural Studies of Al
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Document diverse ARIs have been sho
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Document Figure 3 C α trace of the
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Document Figure 4 Surface represent
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Document Figure 5 Schematic represe
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Document Figure 7 Stereo of zopolre
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Document B. Structures Figure 8 Seq
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Document This method was used to sc
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Document 2. Lee AYW, Chung SK, Chun
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Document 18. Wilson DK, Tarle I, Pe
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Document 35. Pailhoux EA, Martinez
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Document 10 Structure-Based Design
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Document Cyclotheonamide A (CtA), a
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Document Page 256 The discovery pro
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Document et al. [21]). Among these
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Document balance its pro- and antic
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Document Page 263 15. Tabernero L,
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Document 31. Kettner C, Shaw E. D-P
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Document Figure 1 The coagulation c
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Document Figure 2 Factor Xa structu
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Document Table 2 Naturally Occurrin
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Document Table 3 Active Site Sequen
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Document Figure 5 Predicted seconda
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Document Lys in the P1 position is
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Document Page 276 In both cases the
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Document Page 278 The n=3 chain len
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Document Figure 10 Proposed model o
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Document Figure 11 dArg-ATS 32-38 m
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Document Figure 12 Modeled fit of S
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Document Page 285 number of x-ray s
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Document Page 288 Additionally, the
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Document Page 290 5. Kaiser B, Haup
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Document Page 291 21. Davie EW, Fuj
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Document 36. Leytus SP, Chung DW, K
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Document 54. Broze Jr GJ, Girard TJ
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Document Page 294 70. Seligmann B,
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Document 12 Polypeptide Modulators
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Document Page 297 whereas, calcium
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Document Figure 2 Amino acid sequen
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Document Page 301 domains contribut
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Document Figure 5 Stereo views of 2
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Document A. Chemical Modification P
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Document Page 307 (the exception is
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Document Page 309 site 3 on the sod
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Document Page 312 In peptide—prot
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Document Page 314 anemone toxins an
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Document 5. Packer M, Gheorghiade M
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Document 25. Malpezzi ELA, De Freit
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Document 42. Catterall WA, Beress L
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Document 60. Pennington MW, Zadenbe
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Document 13 Rational Design of Reni
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Document Page 323 been suggested th
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Document Figure 2 A schematic diagr
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Document Page 327 this analog inter
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Document Page 329 binding involves
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Document plasma. This may arise fro
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Document C. Specificity Figure 4 Th
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Document Figure 5 The S 3 specifici
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Document IV. Rational Drug Design F
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Document 2. Blundell TL, Cooper J,
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Document 17. Szelke M. Chemistry of
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Document 34. Rosenberg SH, Plattner
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Document 48. Powers JC, Harley AD,
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Document Page 343 14 Structural Asp
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Document Figure 2 The reaction cata
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Document Figure 4 Amino acid sequen
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Document Figure 5 Schematic stereo
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Document Figure 8 The catalytic mac
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Document Figure 10 Structures of so
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Document From quantitative structur
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Document Page 355 with the tryptoph
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Document Figure 14 The energy profi
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Document Page 359 easily reach the
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Document Page 361 2. Guldberg H, Ma
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Document Page 362 19. Lotta T, Vidg
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Document 35. Davis TL, Roznoski M,
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Document Figure 1 Available drugs f
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Document Table 1 Trypanosomal Targe
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Document Table 2 Three-Dimensional
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Document Figure 2 Glycolysis in blo
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Document II. Three Glycolytic Enzym
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Document Figure 4 Stereoview of sup
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Document Figure 6 Stereoview of NAD
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Document Page 376 was recently solv
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Document Because there are no known
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Document Page 379 For trypanosomal
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Document Because there are tens of
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Document 5-Methoxytryptamine 19.0 9
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Document Figure 11 Two-dimensional
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Document Figure 12 Predicted bindin
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Document Page 388 nosine proved to
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Document 15. Carter NS, Fairlamb AH
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Document 30. Kim H, Feil I, Verlind
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Document 49. Michels PAM, Hannaert
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Document 65. João HC, Williams RJP
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Document 84. Verlinde CLMJ, Hol WGJ
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Document 16 Progress in the Design
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Document Table 1 Known Three-Dimens
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Document Page 398 with growth hormo
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Document All effects of the IL-1 fa
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Document has a single membrane-span
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Document Figure 2 Structural alignm
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Document Page 405 strands constitut
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Document Figure 4 (a) Stereo diagra
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Document Figure 6 (a) Stereo diagra
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Document Figure 7 (a) Superposition
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Document Page 412 ture is unlike ot
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Document Figure 10 Schematic diagra
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Document Page 416 positions of the
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Document Figure 11 Functional resid
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Document Figure 13 The identified p
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Document B. Interleukin-1 Receptor
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Document Page 423 American Home Pro
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Document Page 425 Antinflammatory D
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Document Page 427 These aromatic di
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Document 5. Dinarello CA. On the Bi
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Document 21. Seckinger P, Lowenthal
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Document 39. Saurat JH, Schfferli J
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Document receptor antagonist into a
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Document 74. Bender PE, Lee JC., ed
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Document 102. Machin PJ, Osbond JM,
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Document 17 Structure and Functiona
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Document Table 1 Approval Indicatio
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Document Page 438 proteins. One pot
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Document II. Type IFNs A great deal
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Document Page 441 sequence of the m
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Document Page 443 that allowed for
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Document Figure 4 Stereo view of IF
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Document Figure 5 Velcro-key model
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Document Figure 6 Proposed receptor
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Document Page 451 with the cytoplas
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Document for directed subcellular t
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Document 13. Stewart HJ, McCann SHE
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Document 33. Szente BE, Johnson HM.
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Document 47. Igarashi K, Garotta G,
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Document Figure 1 A schematic diagr
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Document Page 462 strains of influe
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Document Page 464 could not again b
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Document Figure 3 (a) A MOLSCRIPT [
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Document B. Protein Structure Page
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Document Figure 5 (a) Stereo image
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Document Page 471 molecules in the
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Document hydroxy, and 6 Neu5Ac2en -
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Document Figure 8 Stereo image of t
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Document Page 476 nM, respectively.
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Document Page 478 lished—was asso
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Document VI. Conclusion Page 480 It
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Document 21. Both GW, Sleigh MJ, Co
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Document 40. Drzenick R, Frank H, R
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Document 45. Varghese JN, Laver WG,
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Document 64. Ward CW, Elleman TC, A
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Document 80. Suzuki Y, Sato K, Kiso
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Document Page 486 95. Ryan DM, Tice
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Document Page 488 against most of t
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Document A. The Canyon Page 491 The
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Document Subsequent studies have sh
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Document Page 495 of the RNA and pr
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Document Figure 4 A ribbon diagram
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Document Figure 5 Some compounds wh
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Document Figure 7 HRV14 VP1 hydroph
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Document C. Structure-Activity Rela
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Document Hydrophobicity Requirement
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Document Figure 9 A solvent-accessi
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Document accommodate a variety of d
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Document Figure 10 Possible hydroge
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Document Page 514 sis. Large number
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Document conformational transition
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Document Page 518 The differences b
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Document 10. Mast EE, Harmon MW, Gr
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Document 44. Argos P, Rossmann MG,
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Document 63. Rozhon E, Cox S, Buont
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Document 81. Diana GD, McKinlay MA,
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Document 20 The Integration of Stru
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Document Page 527 function. Iterati
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Document Figure 3 Generation of com
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Document Page 530 screen. For examp
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Document ciency of drug discovery (
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Document Page 533 the reactions are
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Document Page 535 by factoring in a
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Document Page 537 ries, holds the p
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Document 17. Zuckermann RN, Martin
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Document 34. Fei Y-J, Kanai Y, Nuss
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Document 21 Structure-Based Combina
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Document Page 545 protein binding s
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Document Figure 2 Stereo view of th
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Document Figure 3 (a) Stereo view o
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Document Figure 5 Stereo view of th
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Document Lists of Bonding Fragment
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Document Figure 8 Minimized structu
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Document Page 555 N-acylpyrrolidine
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Document 10. Bobbyer DNA, Goodford
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Document structure. 2. Ligand probe
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Document 30. O'Shea EK, Rutkowski R
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Document 22 Peptidomimetic and Nonp
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Document Figure 1 Examples of nativ
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Document B. Peptidomimetic Drugs: C
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Document Figure 4 Backbone amide bo
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Document 12640-0567a.gif Figure 6 C
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Document Page 569 molecule. A nonco
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Document Figure 11 Protease-targete
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Document Figure 12 Peptide scaffold
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Document Page 595 the MC1 receptor
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Document Figure 22 Protease 3D stru
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Document Page 601 inhibitors 100 [1
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Document Page 603 hydroxymethyl sub
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Document Page 605 For other serinyl
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Document (Ser/Thr) peptide 2.9 Å 2
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Document Figure 32 PTP and PTB 3D s
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Document Acknowledgments Page 620 I
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Document 18. Sawyer TK. In: Peptide
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Document Page 622 Fukuroda T, Fukam
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Document 78. Rodriguez M, Crosby R,
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Document MA, Welch KM, Hallak H, Ta
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Document Page 626 SJ, Ogden RC, Red
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Document 97; (e) Fujii I, Nakamura
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Document Med Biol 1991; 306:9-21; (
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Document Page 629 ML, Clare M, Decr
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Document Page 630 177. (a) Bode W,
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Document Page 631 197. Musil D, Zuc
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Document son AH, Drummond AH, Huxle
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Document 236. (a) Marshall MS. TIBS
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Document replacements, 563-565 1-am
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Document inhibitor binding, 323, 33
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Document site, 52, 55, 61 triad, 24
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Document factors, 247 Combination t
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Document Cyclotheonamide A (CtA), 2
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Document D ddI, 152 tumour necrosis
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Document antistasin peptides, 281 c
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Document fragment-based programs, 5
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Document [Human immunodeficiency vi
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Document overview, 103-104, 108-109
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Document [Inhibitors] 2-((3,4-dihyd
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Document antagonistic activity, 416
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Document [Interleukin-1] homology w
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Document Kininogen, 119 high molecu
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Document Matrix-metalloproteinase (
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Document RT inhibitor, 41, 56 Nonpe
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Document Phosphoglycerate kinase (P
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Document [Protease targets] serinyl
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