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Document Figure 21 GPCR 3D structural models for neurotensin and α-melanotropin agonists http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_594.html (1 of 2) [4/9/2004 1:20:08 AM] Page 594
Document Page 595 the MC1 receptor and the Arg side chain of the peptide ligand. The primary contact residues of this particular MC1 receptor model were all transmembrane domain derived and lie within 4–7.5 angstrom (centroid to centroid). In conclusion, the development and refinement of 3D structural models of GPCR targets, iterative site-directed mutagenesis studies, and systematic testing of key agonists and/or antagonists will undoubtedly make a significant impact in the structure-based drug design of peptidomimetic and nonpeptide ligands at these receptors. Such work may be expected to synergize well with ligand-based pharmacophore modeling strategies which have become quite sophisticated in recent years as the results of advanced computational chemistry methodologies. B. Protease Targets Protease-inhibitor drug discovery illustrates significant success in both mechanistic and 3D structurebased drug discovery for each of the representative classes (i.e., aspartyl, serinyl, metallo, and cysteinyl) as exemplified in Table 2 (for a review see Reference 142a). In retrospect, pioneering achievements in the design of peptidomimetic inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (for reviews see References 142b,142c) to have led to 45 (Captopril [51]) and 46 (Enalapril [52]). Such work has provided great impetus to the area of proteasetargeted drug discovery. Over the past two decades a pervasive effort integrating substrate-based inhibitor design, x-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy of inhibitorprotease complexes, high-throughput mass screening, and combinatorial chemical technologies has evolved to further advance this area of research. Aspartyl Proteases The aspartyl proteases include pepsin, renin, cathepsin-D, chymosin, and gastricsin as well as microbial enzymes (e.g., penicillopepsin, rhizopuspepsin, and endothiapepsin) and retroviral proteases (e.g., HIV- 1 protease). The first high-resolution x-ray crystallographic structures of this protease family were determined for penicillopepsin [143], rhizopuspepsin [144], endothiapepsin [145], pepsinogen [146], and pepsin [147]. Based on homology-building strategies, 3D structural models of renin were subsequently constructed [148] to first guide the structure-based design of peptidomimetic inhibitors (for a review see Reference 149). Furthermore, in several cases the x-ray crystallographic structures of renin inhibitors were determined [150] as ligand-enzyme complexes with rhizopuspepsin, endothiapepsin, or pepsin. Eventually, the x-ray crystallographic structures of renin (apo/complexes) were achieved to provide high-resolution molecular maps of the target enzyme [151]. As illustrated in Figure 22, substratebased inhibitors such as the highly potent peptidomimetic 95 [151a] show well-defined hydrophobic pockets for the P 3-P 1' side chains as well http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_595.html [4/9/2004 1:20:17 AM]
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Structure-based Drug Design 14 Stru
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Page 743 and 744: Document Page 603 hydroxymethyl sub
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Page 755 and 756: Document (Ser/Thr) peptide 2.9 Å 2
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Page 763 and 764: Document Figure 32 PTP and PTB 3D s
Page 765 and 766: Document Acknowledgments Page 620 I
Page 767 and 768: Document 18. Sawyer TK. In: Peptide
Page 769 and 770: Document Page 622 Fukuroda T, Fukam
Page 771 and 772: Document Page 623 53. Bird J, Harpe
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Document D ddI, 152 tumour necrosis
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