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netLibrary - eBook Summary Structure-based Drug Design by ...

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Page 569<br />

molecule. A noncomprehensive listing of such receptor, protease, and signal-transduction protein targets<br />

is shown in Table 1.<br />

With respect to receptor-targeted peptidomimetic drug discovery, the most noteworthy success has been<br />

attained for G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and antagonists as well as, more recently, cell-adhesion<br />

integrin receptor antagonists (see below). However, it is important to state that the impact of highthroughput<br />

screening in the discovery of nonpeptide ligands (typically antagonists) at G-protein-coupled<br />

receptors has yielded extraordinary success. Although screening-<strong>based</strong> nonpeptide drug discovery will<br />

not be extensively reviewed here, the possibility of common pharmacophores between peptide and<br />

nonpeptide ligands may exist (limited cases) in relation to receptor binding. Nevertheless, in most cases<br />

receptor mutagenesis studies suggest the existence of different binding pockets for peptide and<br />

nonpeptide ligands, regardless of whether they both are functionally similar as related to agonism or<br />

antagonism [33]. With respect to both protease-and signal-transduction protein-targeted peptidomimetic<br />

drug discovery, the emergence of 3D structural information to provide high resolution molecular “maps”<br />

of the catalytic (or noncatalytic) domain has provided incredible opportunities for structure-<strong>based</strong> drug<br />

design.<br />

II. Peptide Ligand Lead Discovery and <strong>Structure</strong>-Based <strong>Drug</strong> <strong>Design</strong><br />

As stated previously, peptidomimetic drug discovery was first advanced <strong>by</strong> molecular design concepts<br />

and chemical modification strategies focused on<br />

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