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Figure 13<br />

The identified peptide fragments. Peptide fragments are shown as striped<br />

coil, with residues at the start and end of the peptides are numbered. Produced <strong>by</strong><br />

Molscript [106], modified <strong>by</strong> R. Esneuf.<br />

peptides derived from an IL-1α sequence [58]. Their work resulted in 4 peptide regions with residue<br />

numbers 4–12, 44–63, 64–88, and 89–105. Peptides 47–55, 81–99, 92–124, 121–153 in the 3dimensional<br />

structure of IL-1β are shown in Figure 13.<br />

E. Other Strategies<br />

Page 419<br />

Biochemical and structural knowledge has opened many pathways for the development of novel<br />

therapeutics. Such strategies include inducer blockers, nucleotide intercalators, antisense RNAs, and<br />

other novel molecular mimics. It is known that potent inducers such as lipopolysaccharides, c5a, and<br />

integrins bind to IL-1-producing cells and induce the over expression of IL-1. Such an induction can be<br />

interrupted <strong>by</strong> raising the level of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the inducers. Alternatively,<br />

one can design ligands that can bind to the inducer receptors, which leads to the inhibition of the IL-1<br />

synthesis process. Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and stimulate gene<br />

transcription. Controlling such a specific gene transcription can be achieved <strong>by</strong> a number of means.<br />

Intercalators or fragments of the same DNA sequences as those bound <strong>by</strong> the transcription factors can<br />

selectively inhibit transcription. Double-stranded oligonucleotides, having the same consensus sequence,<br />

could complete with the transcription factor for binding to the promoter region. Antisense RNA, which<br />

when introduced into eukaryotic cells induces sequence-specific inhibition of target gene expression,<br />

can be used. The<br />

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