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Document<br />

2<br />

Structural Studies of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Implications for<br />

<strong>Drug</strong> <strong>Design</strong><br />

Jianping Ding, Kalyan Das, Yu Hsiou,<br />

Wanyi Zhang, and Edward Arnold<br />

Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Rutgers University,<br />

Piscataway, New Jersey<br />

Prem N. S. Yadav<br />

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey<br />

Stephen H. Hughes<br />

ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and<br />

Development Center, Frederick, Maryland<br />

I. Introduction<br />

Page 41<br />

Like all other retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains the multifunctional<br />

enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT). Retroviral RTs have a DNA polymerase activity that can use either<br />

an RNA or a DNA template and an RNase H activity. HIV-1 RT is essential for the conversion of singlestranded<br />

viral RNA into a linear double-stranded DNA that is subsequently integrated into the host cell<br />

chromosomes [1–4]. In this conversion process HIV-1 RT catalyzes the incorporation of approximately<br />

20,000 nucleotides. Chemotherapeutic agents have been identified that target virtually all stages of the<br />

HIV-1 replication cycle (see review [5]). Since both the polymerase and RNase H activities of HIV-1<br />

RT are essential, inhibiting either step blocks viral replication. Therefore, HIV-1 RT is an important<br />

target for the treatment of AIDS. Two major classes of antiviral agents that inhibit HIV-1 RT<br />

polymerization have been identified; these are nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) (Figure la) and<br />

nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) (Figure 1b). Nucleoside analogs, such as 3'-azido-2',3'dideoxythymidine<br />

(AZT), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2',3'-dideoxy-3'thiacyti-<br />

http://legacy.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlReader.dll?bookid=12640&filename=Page_41.html [4/5/2004 4:47:13 PM]

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