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Page 226<br />

the bidentate bond-forming residues of the inhibitor and it is through protein crystallography that these<br />

are determined. Template modeling can then be used to determine the specific surface charges of the<br />

modeled kinase that can be exploited <strong>by</strong> the inhibitor for its specificity. Modeling and focused<br />

combinatorial chemistry are the tools to achieve the goal of inhibitor specificity.<br />

Acknowledgments<br />

This work was supported <strong>by</strong> CTR grant 4237. We thank Drs. Furet, P. Traxler, and N. Lydon of Ciba for<br />

their drawings presented in Figure 5. We also thank Dr. Nikola P. Pavletich for the coordinates of the<br />

CDK2-CYCLIN complex used in Figure 2.<br />

References<br />

1. De Bondt HL, Rosenblatt J, Jancarik J, Jones HD, Morgan DO, Kim SH. Crystal structure of cyclindependent<br />

kinase2. Nature 1993; 363:595–602.<br />

2. Hu S-H, Parker MW, Lei JY, Wilce MCJ, Benian GM, Kemp BE. Insights into autoregulation from<br />

the crystal structure of twitchin kinase. Nature 1994; 369:581–584.<br />

3. Hubbard SR, Wei L, Ellis L, Hendrickson WA. Crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the<br />

human insulin receptor. Nature 1994; 372:746–754.<br />

4. Zhang F, Strand A, Robbins D, Cobb MH, Goldsmith EJ. Atomic structure of the MAP kinase ERK2<br />

at 2.3 Å resolution. Nature 1994; 367:704–710.<br />

5. Owen DJ, Noble MEM, Garman EF, Papageorgiou AC, Johnson LN. Two structures of the catalytic<br />

domain of phosphorylase kinase; an active protein kinase complexed with substrate analogue and<br />

product. <strong>Structure</strong> 1995; 3:467–482.<br />

6. Xu R-M, Carmel G, Sweet RM, Kuret J, Cheng X. Crystal structure of casein kinase-1, a phosphatedirected<br />

protein kinase. The EMBO Journal 1995; 14:1015–1023.<br />

7. Jeffrey PD, Russo AA, Polyak K, Gibbs E, Hurwitz J, Massague J, Pavletich NP. Mechanism of CDK<br />

activation revealed <strong>by</strong> the structure of a cyclinA-CDK2 complex. Nature 1995; 376:313–320.<br />

8. Goldberg J, Nairn AC, Kuryian J. Structural basis for the autoinhibition of calcium/calmodulindependent<br />

protein kinase I. Cell 1996; 84:875–887.<br />

9. Knighton DR, Zheng J-H, Ten Eyck LF, Xuong N-H, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM. <strong>Structure</strong> of a peptide<br />

inhibitor bound to the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase.<br />

Science 1991; 253:414–420.<br />

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