ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge those people who assisted in the conduct of this study; particularly Jack A. Schmidt for fie1 d instal lation and measurements and data processing, Dennis Hartmans and Paul VonGuerard for field measurements, Phyllis Marsh for technical advice, Ward McCaughey for field istal lation, and Joyce Schl ieter for data processing. LITERATURE CITED Artley, Donald K., Raymond C. Shearer, and Robert W. Steele. 1978. Effects of burning moist fuels on seedbed preparation in cutover western larch forests. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-211, 14 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Cline R. G. 1974. Seasonal, diurnal, and spatial water use and water relations of selected forest species. Ph.D. Thesis, Wash. State Univ., Pullman, Wash., 59 p. Cline, Richard G., Harold F. Haupt, and Gaylon S. Campbell. 1977. Potential water yield response following clearcut harvesting on north and south slopes in northern Idaho. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-191, 16 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. DeByle, Norbert V. 1976. Fire, logging, and debris disposal effects on soil and water in northern coniferous forests. Proc. XVI IUFRO World Congr., Oslo, Norway, 1976:ZOl-212. DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting and site treatment ifluences on the nutrient status of lodgepole pine forests in western Wyoming. In: Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests Symp. Doug1 ass, James E. 1967. Effects of species and arrangement of forests on evapotranspiration. m Proc. Symp. For. Hydrol. William E. Sopper and Howard W. Lull, eds. p. 451-461. Pergamon Press, New York. Fowler, W. B. 1974. Mi crocl imate: Environmental effects of forests residues management in the pacific northwest--a state of the knowledge compendium. In USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-24, Owen P. Cramer, Editor. p. N1-N18. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg. Haupt, H. F. 1969. A simple snowmel t lysimeter. Water Resources Research 5:714-718. Johns, W. M. 1970. Geology and mineral deposits of Lincoln and Flathead Counties, Montana. State of Montana, Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bull . 79. Helena, Mont. Johnston, Robert S., Ronald K. Tew, and Robert D. Doty. 1969. Soil moisture depletion and estimated evapotranspiration on Utah mountain watersheds. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-67, 13 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , and G. A. Nielsen. 1976. Soils of the Corarn Experimental Forest. Mont. Agric. Exp. Stn., Res. Rep. 91, 43 p. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Kovner, J. 1. 1956. Evapotranspiration and water yields following forest cutting and natural regrowth. Soc. Amer. Forest. Proc., p. 106-110. Washington, 0. C. Lee, Richard. 1964. Potential isolation as a topocl imatic characteristi'c of drainage basins. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Bull 9(1):27-41. Lee, Ri chard. 1967. The hydrologic importance of transpiration control by stomata. Water Resources Research. 3(3) :737-752, ill us. McConnell, R. C., and M. G. Klages. 1969. Forest nursery soi 1s of western Montana and northern Idaho. Montana Agricultural Exp. Stn., Bull. 630. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Forestry Division. 1978. Final E.1.S.y Swan River State Forest Management Plan. Mont. Dept. of Nat. Res. and Cons., Helena. 107 p. Packer, Paul E. 1967. Forest treatment effects on water quality. Proceedings of International Symposium on Forest Hydrology, p, 687-699. University Park, Pennsylvania. Packer, Paul E. 1972. Effects of prescribed slash burning on watershed behavior of 1 arch/Dougl as- fir forest. Proc. XV IUFRO Congr, , Univ, Florida, Gai nesvi 1 le. Packer, Paul E. , and Bryan D. Will iarns. 1976. Logging and prescribed burning effects on the hydrologic and soil stability behavior of larch/Douglas-fir forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains . Fire and Land Manage, Symp., Oct. 8-10, 1974, Missoula, Mont. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 14:465-479. Tall Timbers Fire Res. Stn. and Intermt. Fire Res. Counc. Pfister, Robert D., Bernard L. Kovalchi k, Steven F. Arno, and Richard C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34, 174 p, Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Rich, Lowell R., and J. R. Thompson. 1974. Watershed management in Ari zona 's mi xed conifer forests : the status of our knowledge. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-130, 15 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. Rothacker, Jack. 1970. Increase in water yield following clearcut logging in the Pacific Northwest. Water Resources Research 6(2) :653-658. Sod ety of American Foresters , Commi ttee on Forest Types. 1954. Forest cover types of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 67 p. Washington, D. C.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92: S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96: Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98: SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100: As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102: The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104: MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106: Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107: 6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 111 and 112: APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114: Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116: Appendix E.--Water use during the g
Page 117 and 118: One of the most efficient methods o
Page 119 and 120: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122: Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
Page 123 and 124: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 125 and 126: ' Control Chipped and Picked up and
Page 127 and 128: One of the least detrimental residu
Page 129 and 130: INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
Page 131 and 132: %pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134: The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136: I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138: Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140: create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142: Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144: National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146: UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148: Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150: Weights of typical trees on these t
Page 151 and 152: pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154: MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156: Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158: Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254:
INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268:
Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286:
Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288:
DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328:
Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346:
The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
Page 349 and 350:
Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352:
The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354:
Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356:
Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358:
The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396:
CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462:
EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466:
Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506:
Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
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