ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT A PANEL REVIEW Forest land managers are faced daily with the challenge of making resource management decisions that will facil itate producing a variety of goods and services from forested lands, while avoiding unacceptable environmental impacts. Decisions regarding timber harvesting are particularly important because harvesting and associated activities almost always result in significant changes in the environment. The influences of harvesting on the site can provide the manager with a powerful tool with which to effect desired changes in the ecosystem. Broad multi-resource management objectives relating to stand regeneration, wildlife habitat, watershed management, insect control, and other such concerns are usually dependent upon carrying out closely prescribed timber harvesting activities. The purpose of the research being reported in this symposium is to provide the land manager with an improved body of knowledge and strengthened guidelines for pre- scribing the most appropriate harvesting practices. Biological research must neces- sari ly begin by investigating basic environmental responses and cause-and-effect relationships--consequences that will directly affect the production of wood, water, wild1 ife, and other resources cm that site, The manager's abil ity to select harvesting treatments and to prescribe practices that best satisfy mu1 tiple objectives, while avoiding unacceptable impacts, is dependent upon being able to re1 iably predict consequences of a1 ternative actions. In the papers that follow, a panel of forest land managers addresses the implications of this kind of research for broad resource management. These individuals represent three major forest land ownership classes in the Northern Rocky Mountains-- Federal lands, State lands, and lands managed by large private corporations, Resource management objectives differ somewhat among ownerships, depending upon the expressed priorities and objectives of the respective owner-user groups. For a1 1 ownerships, however, land managers are faced with the comnon task of assessing alternative management strategies, balancing resource use or production against environmental protection and site maintenance requirements, and u1 timately choosing an a1 ternati ve calculated to most nearly satisfy both short- and long-term resource management goals,
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern Inc. Timber and Land Department Operations in the timber and land department of Burlington Northern Inc. are organized around the mu1 tiple uses of forest lands. Primary emphasis is on the sustained production of forest products under sil vicul tural , environmental , social , and economic guide1 ines. Our department, consisting of 157 permanent employees, is essentially split into separate, but complementary, areas of land management, timber management, and administrative services. About 100 of these employees have bachelors or advanced degrees. Besides foresters, special ists in the fiel ds of engineering, wil dl ife biology, geology, economics, silviculture, and land use planning are repre- sented. Further division is between the Cascades District, which is headquartered in Seattle and covers four separate management units totaling about 400,000 acres (161,880 ha) in western and central Washington and northwestern Oregon, and the Rocky Mountain District, headquartered in Mi ssoula, Mont, , and covering seven separate management units total ing about 1,100,OO acres (445,170 ha) In northeastern Washington, north Idaho, and western Montana. Of this 1.1 mill ion acres, about 840,000 acres (339,948 ha) are located in Montana. The management units previously mentioned are the hub of BN's day-to-day operations. Each unit is operated as a separate profit center, with all activities designed to accomplish set goals within guidelines established in annually updated 5-year plans. Annual budgets provide the basis for coordinating the overall activities in the department. Prior to the development of any forest tract, we go through an extensive in- house planning process. We util ize a1 1 avai lab1 e resource management tool s, including computers, topographic maps, inventories, fiel d surveys, aerial photos, and so on. Our process begins internally with our departmental land classification system. All lands are classified into one of seven major categories according to their available resources, topography, 1 ocation, and soi 1 and environmental constraints. A1 1 classi- fications are re-evaluated on an annual basis. Land parcels in certain classes have management limitations imposed which shape the extent to which those lands can be managed. The seven classes are as follows: 1. multiple use class 2. water resource class 3. scenic area class 4. limited use class 5. prescribed development class 6. existing development class 7. quarry mining class This land classification system is recorded and utilized in two forms: a visual* map format, and a computer printout by 10-acre (4 ha) tracts. The land classification system provides us a uniform basis from which to generate specific forest management prescriptions. All company activities are planned to maintain or enhance resource values and preclude unacceptable environmental impacts. To further assure that a complete job of preplanning has been done and that all foreseeable impacts are considered, we conduct an environmental assessment. This procedure is prepared in a report form entitled "Environmental Assessment Report" or "EAR". This report is completed by a management unjt and reviewed by the district level staff. It focuses attention to potential effects any development may have on air and water quality; fish and wild1 ife; soils and productivity; aesthetics; recreation; historical and cultural resources as well as any legal constraints. Input is solicited from specialists from other
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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Page 493 and 494: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496: Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500: In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502: ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504: As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506: Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508: understory biomass density, X2 repr
Page 509 and 510: or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512: DISCUSSION It is important to note
Page 513: LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 517 and 518: themselves, the traditional industr
Page 519 and 520: highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522: Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524: In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526: Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527: The Intermountain Station, headquar
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