ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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The caution given by Harvey and others (1980) in this symposium on applying mycorrhizae results from the Intermountain region to other forested ecosystems is equal ly val id for soil N relationships. Differences in climate, stand properties and soil type are only several of the variables which could alter the intensity and direc- tion of microbiological processes occurring on a site. LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 1974. The effect of fire on soil organisms. In: Fire and Ecosystems. (T. T. Kozlowskii and C. E. Ahlgren, eds.) Academic~ress, N. Y., p. 47-72. Campbell, R, E., M. B. Baker, Jr., P. F. Ffolliott, F. R. Larson and C. C, Avery. 1977. Wildfire effects on a ponderosa pine ecosystem: An Arizona case study. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap, RM-191, 12 p. Cushwa, C. T., E. V. Brender 3nd R. W. Cooper. 1966. The response of herbacious vegetation to prescribed burning. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note SE-53, 2 p. Daubenmire, R. and J. B. Daubenmire. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn,, Tech. Bull. 60, 104 p. Fredriksen, R. L., D. G, Moore, and L. A. Norris. 1975. The impact of timber harvest, ferti 1 ization, and herbicide treatment on streamwater qua1 ity in western Oregon and Washington. In: Forest Soils and Forest Land Management. (B. Bernier and C. H, Winget, 3s.) Laval Univ. Press, Quebec, p. 283-313. Grier, C. C. 1975. Wildfire effects on nutrient distribution and leaching in a coniferous ecosystem. Can. J. For, Res, 5:599-607. Haines, S. G. and D. S. DeBell. 1979. Use of nitrogen-fixing plants to improve and maintain productivity of forest soils. In: Impact of Intensive Harvesting on Forest Nutrient Cycling. Symp. Proc., August 13-16, Syracuse, N. Y., p. 279-303. Harvey, A, E., M. F. Jurgensen, and M. 3. Larsen. 1976. Intensive fiber utilization and prescribed fire: Effects on the microbial ecology of forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen, Tech. Rep. INT-28, 46 p, Harvey, A. E., M. J. Larsen, and M. F. Jurgensen, 1979. Comparative distribution of ectomycorrhizae in soils of three western Montana forest habitat types. Forest Sci . 25: 350-358. Harvey,A. E., M. J. Larsen, and M. F. Jurgensen. 1980. Ecology of ectomycorrhizae in northern Rocky Mountain forests. In: Proc. Symp. on the Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in ~ockyTountain Coniferous Forests. Hornbeck, J. W., G. E. Likens, R. S. Pierce, and F. H. Bormann. 1975. Strip cutting as a means of protecting site and streamflow quality when clearcutting northern hardwoods, In: Forest Soils and Forest Land Management. (B. Bernier and C. H. Winget, eds.) Laval Univ. Press, Quebec, p. 209-225.
Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ronmental response to harvesting and residue management. In: Proc. Symp. on the Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky ~ountai n Coniferous Forests. Jurgensen, M. F., M. J. Larsen, and A. E. Harvey. 1979a. Forest soil bioloqy "- - timber harvestinq - relationships. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-235, 12 p. Jurgensen, M. F., S. F. Arno, A. E. Harvey, M. J. Larsen, and R. D. Pfister. 1979b. Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in northern Rocky Mountain forest ecosystems. In: Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Management of Temperate Forests. n. C. Gordon, C. T. Wheeler and 0. A. Perry, eds .) Proc. NSF Workshop, Corvall is, Apri 1 1979, p. 294-308. Larsen, M. F., A. E. Harvey, and M. F. Jurgensen. 1980. Residue decay functions and associated environmental functions in northern Rocky Mountain forests. In: Proc. Symp. on the Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in ~ockF~ountain Coniferous Forests. 1 Monson, S. B. and A. P. Plummer. 1978. Plants and treatment for revegetation of disturbed sites in the Intermounta area. In: The Reclamation of Disturbed Arid Lands. (R. A. Wright, ed.) Univ. N. ~ex.Press, Las Cruces, p. 155-173. I Mroz, G. D., M. F. Jurgensen, A. E. Harvey, and M. 3. Larsen. 1980. Effects of fire on nitrogen in forest floor horizons. J. (In press). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Neal, J. L., E. Wright and W. B. Bollen. 1965. Burning Douglas-fir slash. Physical , chemical, and microbial effects in soil. Oregon State Univ. For. Res. Pap. 1, 32 p. Orme, M. L. and T. A. Leeqe. 1976. Emergence and survival of redstem (~eanothus san uineus) fol 1 owing prescribed burning. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol . Conf. No. 391-420. Pfister, R. D., B. L. Kovalchik, S. F. Arno, and R. C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34, 174 p., Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Skujins, J. 1977. Effect of modified slash disposal practices on the biochemistry of soils. Final Report, Study FS-INT-1203, 145 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Stickney, P. F. 1980. Data base for post-fire succession, first six to nine years, in Montana larch-fir forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-62, 133 p. Intermount. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah. Tamm, C. 0. and B. Popovic. 1974. Intensive fertilization with nitrogen as a stressing factor in a spruce ecosystem. I. Soil effects. Studia Forest. Svecia No. 21, 31 p.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140: create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142: Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144: National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146: UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148: Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150: Weights of typical trees on these t
Page 151 and 152: pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154: MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156: Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158: Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160: sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162: RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164: The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166: Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168: Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170: On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172: Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174: Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176: I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178: Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180: MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182: Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183 and 184: In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186: Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
Page 187 and 188: carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189: Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 193 and 194: ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
Page 195 and 196: Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
Page 199 and 200: Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
Page 201 and 202: Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
Page 203 and 204: Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
Page 205 and 206: Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
Page 207 and 208: PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209 and 210: Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 211 and 212: Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
Page 213 and 214: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
Page 215 and 216: FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
Page 217 and 218: the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220: Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222: We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224: Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228: Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236: Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238: Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240: Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352:
The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448:
Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450:
Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454:
Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462:
EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464:
I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466:
Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468:
Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472:
GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484:
I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486:
Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492:
~
Page 493 and 494:
oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498:
THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504:
As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506:
Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508:
understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512:
DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
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