ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Litter 1011 Humus (021 I Wood Mineral Soil (SEPTEMBER) Prescribed Mechanically Prescribed Mechanically Burned Removed Burned Removed UNDISTURBED CLEARCUT SHELTERWOOD FOREST Figure 3.--Mean density of forest floor mesofauna in September of 1976 in cZearcuts and she2 terwood cuttings where forest residues had been mechcmicaZZy removed in 1974 and prescribed bumred in 1975, and in undisturbed forests, &ram ExperimentaZ Forest. (For June, July, and August data, see figure 2).
SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The effect of this treatment (#3) on mesofaunal populations was generally inter- mediate between the clearcut and burn treatment (#l) and the undisturbed forest (treatment #5). Throughout the sampl ing period in 1976, mesofaunal populations on this shelter,wood burned treatment (#3) were generally higher than on either clearcut area, but generally the abundance of animals was less than in the other she1 terwood treatment (#4) or the undisturbed forest (treatment f5). In this treatment, as one might expect, there were many unburned or partially burned areas where animals could have survived the prescribed fire and sample cores drawn from these areas may have been unrepresentative of the treatment. We selected our sampling plots in this treatment only on the forest floor where the residue had been effectively removed by the fire. Yet, as shown in figures 2 and 3, we still found mesofaunal populations in the litter strata (01) at all three sampling periods, June, August, and September. SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE MECHANICALLY REMOVED This treatment (#4) was by far the least harsh of any of the four on mesofaunal populations. In June, populations in this treatment equalled those in the undisturbed forest (treatment .#5) and in September were actual ly sl i ghtly higher than populations in the undisturbed forest, even though being concentrated in different strata than populations in the undisturbed forest (figures 2 and 3). Mesofauna populations in the humus stratum (07) were similar in treatments #4 and #5 in June. In June and August, populations in the litter stratum in treatments #3 and #4 were nearly identical. But in June, August and September, populations in the litter stratum (-01) were consistently and significantly higher in treatment #4 than in treatment 83--an indication that some litter was removed by prescribed fire in treatment $3. DISCUSSION In this study three elements might confound, or interfere with, the interpretation of treatment effects: direct effects of treatment, indirect effects of treatment, and the identification of taxa. Huhta (1971 ) sumarizes the difficulties as follows in what might be considered the ideal ized interpretation of treatment effect: Catastrophes in an ecosystem, such as deforestation or burning, alter nearly every environmental factor, biotic or abiotic, interacting in such a complex way that it is very difficult to distinguish the factors which principally account for the
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
Page 279 and 280: Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 281 and 282: Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284: .4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286: Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288: DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290: EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292: mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296: FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298: I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300: shelterwood with residues, were sig
Page 301 and 302: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 307 and 308: indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310: Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312: 1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314: I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316: the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318: Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
Page 319 and 320: POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
Page 321 and 322: STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
Page 325 and 326: Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328: Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
Page 329: 0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
Page 333 and 334: In the first season or two followin
Page 335 and 336: LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
Page 337 and 338: A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
Page 339 and 340: and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
Page 341 and 342: Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
Page 343 and 344: foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346: The large aerial spray programs aga
Page 347 and 348: Weakened living trees, or trees kil
Page 349 and 350: Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352: The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354: Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356: Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358: The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
Page 359 and 360: Bark and engraver beetles infesting
Page 361 and 362: In the northern Rockies, one conife
Page 363 and 364: management, and not the beetle." If
Page 365 and 366: investigation regardin controlled b
Page 367 and 368: WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
Page 369 and 370: Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
Page 371 and 372: I Different i nvesti gators have us
Page 373 and 374: if the forest floor is completely c
Page 375 and 376: Carabids as biological control agen
Page 377 and 378: een placed for protection from rode
Page 379 and 380: with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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