ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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This reflects our finding that residue in mature stands is generated from insects, blowdown, disease, and other factors that occur at infrequent and irregular intervals . 4, We were able to predict with some success the amount of residues generated in different uti 1 iration standards of 1 oggi ng given basic data for a specific stand. Volume of Wood in Undisturbed Stands The total volume of wood in mature sawtimber stands averages from 3,000 ft3/acre (21 0 m3/ha) in dry-site Douglas-fir stands to 8,000 ft3/acre (560 m3/ha) in grand fir stands (table 1). On the average only about half this volume is green, merchantable material (figure 2). A high proportion of moist-site western larch and grand fir is rotten material. Some of this rotten material is crumbly and could not be harvested with conventional equipment; some is solid rot--usually a sound core surrounded by sapwood rot. There is substantial volume of sound dead material in lodgepole pine and in spruce-alpine fir types, averaging 60 to 70 percent of all dead material in the stand. This volume probably reflects fairly dry, cool summer conditions that inhibit decay. One notable feature in all stands is the relatively small potential for util izing additional green material--tops and small stems. Other than merchantable material, much of the green volume is cull material, which in part is suited for fiber products but is too rotten or poor form for roundwood products, such as saw1 ogs or pol es . The large amount of sound-dead material in mature lodgepole pine stands ref1 ects recent bark beet1 e epidemics. In southwestern Idaho, a mountain pine beetle epidemic has killed up to 90 percent of the cubic volume in some stands. trees remain standing and initially are sound; then the roots decay, the tree fa1 1 s, and rot sets in. Frequently, the trees become jack strawed and remain several feet off the ground (figure 3). In these instances the wood remains essentially intact except for drying checks. Much of this material can be utilized but, in its current condition, presents a fire hazard, is difficult for large animals to move through, and usually inhibits regeneration. In other forest types, the typical pattern seems to be a more gradual decay that creates residues in stages of deterioration from new, sound dead to partially rotted, to a shell of crumbly, rotted material. The
I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by component in mature stands, residue study areas.- FOREST TYPE Spruce- Douglas-fir Grand A1 pine 1 / Component Lodgepole Larch Moist Site Dry Site fir fi rY Green Trees Merchantable logs Cull To P Small stems Sub total Standi ng Dead No defect Sound defect- 3 I Solid rot Crumbly rot Sub total Down No defect 31 Sound defect- 41 Solid rot- 41 Crumbly rot- Sub total +-I Vo1 ume, ft3/acre 11 Top volumes and stem volumes for small trees were compiled from recently ~ubl ished formulae based on species, dbh, and height. (~aurot, James C., 1977. Estimating merchantable volume and stem residues in four timber species. USDA-FS Research Paper INT-196. I F&RES, Ogden, Utah 84401 ) . - 21 Breakdown of total into components estimated. 3/ Sound defect includes crook, sweep, fork, splits and drying checks that prevent use for solid wood products but not for fiber use. 4/ Solid rot includes pieces with rot but that can be handled in logging. ~rumbiy rot is material that will not hold together in logging. I
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
Page 3 and 4: USDA Forest Service General Technic
Page 5 and 6: REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
Page 7 and 8: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
Page 9 and 10: By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
Page 11 and 12: Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
Page 13 and 14: I believe that the future of forest
Page 15 and 16: enewable resource that can be proce
Page 17 and 18: productive capacity. Recent legisla
Page 19 and 20: Much of the research investigating
Page 21 and 22: Six sale area blocks were logged (f
Page 23 and 24: Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
Page 25 and 26: Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
Page 27 and 28: Each of the four cutting units was
Page 29 and 30: A concerted effort was made to coor
Page 31 and 32: oriented toward the basic response
Page 33 and 34: WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
Page 35: STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
Page 39 and 40: Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
Page 41 and 42: Depending on the cutting and treatm
Page 43 and 44: MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
Page 45 and 46: I Where: Cs is the concentration at
Page 47 and 48: Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
Page 49 and 50: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
Page 51 and 52: I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
Page 53 and 54: Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
Page 55 and 56: SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88:
RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106:
Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108:
6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134:
The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168:
Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172:
Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186:
Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190:
Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286:
Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288:
DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
Page 341 and 342:
Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346:
The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352:
The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354:
Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356:
Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358:
The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
Page 391 and 392:
Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396:
CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
Page 397 and 398:
Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400:
Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406:
Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410:
Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411 and 412:
Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434:
Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444:
The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448:
Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450:
Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468:
Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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