ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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STUDY AREA General The study focused on the Corarn Experimental Forest (CEF) , located approximately 9 miles (14.5 km) east of Columbia Falls, in northwestern Montana. Latitude is approximately N 48" 25' and longitude W 114" 00'. The CEF (part of the Flathead National Forest) encompasses 7,460 acres (3,019 ha), 811 acres (328 ha) of which are set aside as a natural area. Elevations range from 3,500 to 6,300 feet (1,067 to 1,920 m). Mean annual precipitation in the central (~bbot Creek) basin is 35 in (89 cm). The mean annual temperature is 42°F (5.6"C). The western larch/Douglas-f ir forest cover type predominates. Average number of trees per acre, mean d. b. h., and mean height for tree species (based on sarnpl ing units total 1 ing 80 acres (32.4 ha)) on typical sites in the CEF are shown in table 1. Timber, terrain, soils and wildlife are representative of many areas in western Montana and northern Idaho. More detailed descriptions of various environmental parameters on the CEF study site are given later in this paper or have been presented in earlier papers in this symposium. TABLE 1 .-- Number of trees (4 9 in (23 cm) d. b.h. ) per acre based on total sample of 80 acres (32.4 ha), CEF. Tree species Trees per Relative Mean dbh Mean height acre (ha) density (%) in (cm) ft (m > Douglas-f ir Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce Western larch Western hemlock Lodgepole pine Western white pine Western redcedar All woodpecker feeding observations and general bird censuses were done on the CEF, primarily in and near units harvested in 1974. We searched for active nest trees on the CEF and other areas of the Flathead National Forest, and in Glacier National Park. 1974 Harvesting Treatments Two sets of timber harvesting units were logged in 1974 by the sky1 ine method. In each set, in this report termed the lower units (average elevation approximately 4300 ft (1311 m) and higher units (average elevation approximately 5030 ft (1534 m)) there were control, she1 terwood, group selection, and clearcut units. Unit treatments were as follows: CONTROL: No manipulation. Uncut forest adjacent to cutting units was sampled. No precise boundaries were deslgnated in the controls. SHELTERWOOD: About 50% of the merchantable timber was removed in 1974. The remainder is to be removed after a new stand becomes established. Lower unit: 34.1 acres (13.8 ha). Higher unit: 21 -5 acres (8.7 ha).
GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le trees were harvested in 8, 1 to 2 acre (0.4 to 0.8 ha) irregular plots. CLEARCUT: A1 1 merchantable trees were harvested. Lower unit: 11 -5 acres (4.7 ha). Higher unit: 12.6 acres (5.1 ha). Residue Subtreatments Within all harvesting treatments, 4 levels of residue utilization were applied (table 2). In tables 2-and 3, subtreatments are listed in order of increasing % of original wood volume removed. For example, in the higher shelterwood unit, 86% of the original volume remained in the sawlog subtreatment after logging and only 42% in the near complete subtreatment. However, in terms of absolute volume remainina, increas- ed utilization or original volume did not always result in less volume remaining on the site because of differences in the pre-logginq volume. The amount of woody material available (as substrate for insect prey), not the % of original material removed, is the parameter relevant to woodpecker feeding opportunities. Therefore, the sequence of subtreatment units in most of the remaining figures and tables shows decreasing amounts of woody material remaining after logging and subtreatment. The wood-fiber utilization specification for any unit can be traced back to table 2, regardless of its place in the sequence. TABLE 2. Specifications for the 4 residue utilization subtreatments. Utilization Su btrea tmen t Specification "Sawlog" (SL)--current sawlog Trees > 7 in (17.8 cm) dbh were cut; logs > 6 in utilization standards (1 5.2 Fm) small end diameter were removed and the area was burned* after harvest. "Intensive log" (IL) Trees > 7 in (17.8 cm) dbh were cut; logs > 8 ft (2.4 mr long and > 3 in (7.6 cm) small end-diameter util ized and rema7ning trees and understory were pro- tected as far as possible and left as advanced regeneration. "Intensive tree" (IT) All material 2 8 ft (2.4 m) long with > 3 in (7.6 cm) small end diameter was removed (this included trees - > 5 in (12.7 cm) dbh) and the area was burned* after harvest . "Near complete1' (NC) All trees > 1 in (2.5 cm) dbh were cut and removed and the area was left "as is" after harvest. *Su btreatments in 1 ower she1 terwood were not burned.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420: INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422: F
Page 423 and 424: NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428: F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429 and 430: 1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 431 and 432: 3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434: Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436: Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438: tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440: UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442: Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492: ~
Page 493 and 494: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496: Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500: In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502: ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504: As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506: Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508: understory biomass density, X2 repr
Page 509 and 510: or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512: DISCUSSION It is important to note
Page 513 and 514: LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516: Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
Page 517 and 518: themselves, the traditional industr
Page 519 and 520: highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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