ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Decision Steps Deciding how much fuel is acceptable requires one to integrate many factors (fig. 51. This can be done systematically as follows: OTHER CONCERNS NUTRIENT CYCLING WILDLIFE HABITAT GRAZING IMPACTS RECREATION FUEL APPRAISAL - FIRE DESCRIPTION POTENTIAL OTHER FIRE FACTORS SURROUNDING FUELS SUPPRESSION CAPABILITY FIRE HISTORY FIRE'S ROLE Figme 5. -- Factors to consider when dec
3. Consider other fire-related factors such as fuel and fire behavior potential on adjoi'ning areas, suppression capability, frequency and severity of historical fires, and fire's ecological role. Acceptable fuel loadings can depend to a high degree on these factors. For example, a heavier fuel loading would be acceptable on a unit surrounded by sparse fuels with little chance of ignition than on a unit surrounded by heavy fuels with a high chance of ignition. 4. Consider requirements of nonfire factors for attaining land management objectives. For example, some downed woody material is needed as a source of nutrients--particularly nitrogen. Debris ful fills habitat needs for some wildlife. Too much debris adversely affects grazing, wild1 ife, and recreational opportunities. An optimum quantity of downed woody material certainly exists and will vary by 1 ocal i ties, Determining this optimum requires professional judgment integrated over several disciplines. Importantly, debris fuels represent an organic reserve that has a vital role in the functioning of ecosystems. They are more than just a fire problem. Cost-Benefi t Analysis Cost-benefit analysis of fuel treatment a1 ternatives can he1 p a manager decide how much fuel is acceptable. However, the validity of cost-benefit analysis rests on several weakly quantifiable factors. Specifically, dollar values of some nonfire concerns are difficult to establ i sh. Improvement in protection due to fuel treatment requires considerable speculation. Finally, risk of a fire occurrence is a very low probability event of considerable uncertainty. Cost- benefi t analysis of fuel treatment investments on the Lo1 o National Forest (Wood 1979) and Clearwater National c ore st^ have shown that: 1. Benefits due to factors other than fire protection can strongly influence the outcome. 2. Fuel treatment may be justifiedon high-value sites but is difficult to justify on low-value sites. 3. When benefits accrue only to treated areas, fuel modification is difficult to justify. Where possible, fuels must be treated so larger than the area benefited by reduced fire control costs and losses is larger than the area treated. For example, by treating fuels on a strategically located 100 acres, fire control costs and losses may be reduced on a surrounding 500 or more acres. In conclusion, this study shows that fuel quantity and fire hazard can vary substantially with utilization standards. Often, conventional utilization standards result in unacceptable fuel and fire hazard. However, by implementing a high degree of utilization, acceptable fuels can result. Including an appraisal of fuels in preparation of harvesting prescriptions offers managers a way to deal with fuel problems before they are created. 3Memo from the National Fuel Inventory and Appraisal Systems Project, Rocky Mountain For. and Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. to the Clearwater National Forest.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
Page 379 and 380: with every tree in the stand contin
Page 381 and 382: Spiders as predators.--Studies have
Page 383 and 384: At least two studies have been made
Page 385 and 386: In the long-leaf pine forests in th
Page 387 and 388: RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
Page 389 and 390: In the spruce-fir stands infested w
Page 391 and 392: Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
Page 393 and 394: plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396: CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
Page 397 and 398: Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400: Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402: Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
Page 403 and 404: Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406: Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
Page 407 and 408: Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410: Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411 and 412: Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
Page 413 and 414: Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
Page 415 and 416: Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
Page 417 and 418: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420: INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422: F
Page 423 and 424: NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428: F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429: 1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 433 and 434: Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436: Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438: tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440: UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442: Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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