ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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When major residue manipulations are not possible, or when 1 imiting conditions already exist, one may be able to take advantage of microsites. If high temperatures are limiting, planting behind logs? stumps or other objects can be beneficial. When moisture is limiting, planting behind logs and stumps and in decayed wood may increase chances of survival. Avoiding low spots and planting near logs and stumps can also reduce the 1 ikel ihood of frost damage. LITERATURE CITED Allee, W. C. and T. Park. 1939. Concerning ecological principles. Science 89:166-169. Barger, R. L. 1980. The forest residues utilization R&D program in brief. In: Proc. Symposium on the envi ronmental consequences of timber harvesting in Rocky Mountain coni - ferous forests. Bergen, J. D. 1976. Air flow in a forest canopy-a review of current research on modeling the momentum balance. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-32. 239 p. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. Berg1 und, John V. 1974. Some models of interest in monitoring of forest ecosystems. In: Monitoring forest environment through successive sampling, Tiberius Cunia, a. 390 p. State University of New York, Syracuse, N. Y. Bolin, Bert. 1970. The carbon cycle. Sci. Am. 223:124-132. Bollen, Walter B. 1974. Soi 1 microbes. In: Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific northwest, a state of know1 edge compendium. Owen P, Cramer. ed. , USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-24. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg. Brown, George W, 1970. Predicting the effect of Water Cons. 25:11-13. Brown, James M. 1972. Effect of clearcutting a 181273-277. Caldwell , M. M. 1971. Solar UV irradiation and Photophysiology 6: 131-177. clearcutting on stream temperature. J. Soil and black spruce bog on net radiation. For. Sci. the growth and development of higher plants. Campbell, Gay1 on S, 1977. An introduction to environmental biophysics. 159 p. Springer-Veylag, New York, N.Y.
Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal properties and surface temperatures of seedbeds - a guide for foresters, Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg. Federer, C. Anthony. 1974. Difficult decisions.. .why, what, when, where and how to measure treatmentinduced changes in physical variables. In: Mon i tor ing forest environment through succesive sampl ing. Ti berius C U ~ ed. , 390 p., State Univ. of New York, Syracuse, N.Y. Fischer, Burnell C. and Clair Merritt. 1979. A computer program to simulate light energy distribution in small forest openings. In: Symposi um on forest meteorology. 234 p. World Meteorological OrganizationWMO-NO. 527. Fms, W. L., H. D. Bruce and Alan McMasters. 1960. Tables for estimating direct beam solar irradiation on slopes 30' to 46' lati- tude. 298 p. USDA Forest Serv. Pac. Southwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, Calif. Fosberg, Michael A, 1975. Heat and vapor flux in conifer forest 1 itter and duff: a theoretical model. USDA For. Serv, Res. Pap. RM-152, 23 p. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Col I ings, Colo. Fowler, W. B. 1974. Microclimate. In: Environmental effects of forest residue management in the Pacific ~orthwex, a state of knowledge compendium. Owen P. Cramer, ed. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-24. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Port1 and, Oreg. Gates, David M. 1962. Energy exchange in the biosphere. 151 p. Harper, New York, N,Y. Gates, David M. 1968. Energy exchange and ecology. Bioscience 18:90-95. Gates, David M. and Rudolf Schmerl Eds. 1975. Perspectives in biophysical ecology: Ecological studies Vol . 12. 609 p. Springer-Verlag, New York. Geiger, R. 1950. The c1 imate near the ground. Harvard University , Cambridge, Mass. Gonsior, Michael 3. and James R. Ullrich. 1980. Problems and opportunities in integrating and extrapolating research results. - In: Proc. Symposium on the environmental consequences of timber harvesting in Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Hallin, William C. 1968. Soi 1 moisture tension variation on cutovers in southwestern Oregon. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-58, 18p. illus., Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn, , Portland, Oreg.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
Page 23 and 24: Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
Page 25 and 26: Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
Page 27 and 28: Each of the four cutting units was
Page 29 and 30: A concerted effort was made to coor
Page 31 and 32: oriented toward the basic response
Page 33 and 34: WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
Page 35 and 36: STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
Page 37 and 38: I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
Page 39 and 40: Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
Page 41 and 42: Depending on the cutting and treatm
Page 43 and 44: MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
Page 45 and 46: I Where: Cs is the concentration at
Page 47 and 48: Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
Page 49 and 50: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
Page 51 and 52: I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
Page 53 and 54: Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
Page 55 and 56: SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92: S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96: Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98: SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100: As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102: The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104: MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106: Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108: 6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110: Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
Page 111 and 112: APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114: Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116: Appendix E.--Water use during the g
Page 117 and 118: One of the most efficient methods o
Page 119 and 120: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122: Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
Page 123 and 124: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286:
Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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