ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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For the first 5 years, the percent of stocked plots declined in all treatments, but stocking on the burned and scarified treatments appeared to have begun leveling off. Meanwhile, those in the residues-removed treatment continued a steady decline throughout the 5-year period, and those in the chips-spread treatment dropped sub- stantially between years 1 and 3, but declined at a slower rate in years 3 to 5 than the previous 2 years. Residues treatments influenced the first 5 years height growth of spot-seeded seedlings in much the same manner as they did the stocking rates. The tallest seedling in each seed spot served as the monitor. Height growth was twice as great in the burned and scarifed areas as in the residues-removed and chips-spread areas (fig. 4). These differences were already pronounced at 3 years, and were even more so at 5 years. Figure 4. -- Average height of the SaZZest seedZCng per seed spot, by residue treatment and year.
Natural Regeneration Natural regeneration was more than adequate on the scarified treatment areas, averaging about 6,500 trees per ha (2,630 per acre), with a 66-percent stocking rate (table I). However, except for the residues-removed areas, both stocking rate and seedling density were less than adequate on the other treatment areas. A good estimate for the broadcast-burned treatment is not possible because a good seed fall occurred in 1971 immediately following logging, but before burning in the spring of 1973. It's likely that nearly all of the seedlings that germinated in 1972 were consumed in the fire. Poor seed production in subsequent years left the broadcast burn with few seed1 ings, even after 5 years. TABLE 1 .--Natural regeneration of lodgepole pine at 3 and 5 years under different residues management methods. Years after Mi 1 acre Treatment -- treatment s tocki ng (nercent) Seed1 i ng densi ty (per ha) (ner acre) Height of domi nant seed1 i ngs 5 years after treatment (cm) (i nches ) 1 Scarified 3 5 6 5,483 2,220 - - 5 6 6 6,496 2,630 19.0 7.5 i Burned Residues removed 3 5 50 3 5 4,668 2,964 1,890 1,200 - - 12.7 5.0 I Chips spread 3 5 3 9 7 4 568 30 230 - - 4.1 1.6 Very 1 i ttle natural regeneration was apparent at 3 years on broadcast-burn and chips-spread treatments, and even by age 5 only a few poorly distributed seedlings were established (table 1). However, this poor showing was attributed not to treatments per se, but to the fact that the 1972 seedlings had been burned in the broadcas t-burned treatment and covered wi th chips in the chips-spread treatment. At age 3, natural regeneration had been fairly successful on the resldues- removed treatment areas, but both stocking rate and seedling densi ty decl i ned during the following 2 years. A t age 5, the area was stocked with nearly 3,000 trees per ha (1,2!l0 per acre), with a 35-percent milacre stocking rate. Average seedling heights were closely related to the number and stocking of seed1 ings es tabl ished on the different treatment areas; those with the greats t stocking also produced the tallest average trees. Some of the differences in height were likely a function of seedling age. For example, nearly all seedlings in the broadcast-burn areas were es tabl ished about 3 years after those in the areas receiving the scarified treatment.
Page 1 and 2:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236: Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238: Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240: Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
Page 241 and 242: Biomass Regression analyses relatin
Page 243 and 244: SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
Page 245 and 246: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
Page 247 and 248: Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
Page 249 and 250: Leaf and stem components of the shr
Page 251 and 252: APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254: INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256: Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
Page 257 and 258: each permanent point) of the clearc
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
Page 261 and 262: were not significant. These treatme
Page 263 and 264: Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
Page 265 and 266: Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268: Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
Page 269 and 270: Table 6. --Germination of conifers
Page 271 and 272: Survival, growth and form will be m
Page 273 and 274: Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
Page 275 and 276: to the amount of residue originally
Page 277 and 278: As the following tabulation shows,
Page 279: Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 283 and 284: .4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286: Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288: DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290: EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292: mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296: FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298: I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300: shelterwood with residues, were sig
Page 301 and 302: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 307 and 308: indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310: Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312: 1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314: I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316: the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318: Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
Page 319 and 320: POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
Page 321 and 322: STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
Page 325 and 326: Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328: Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
Page 329 and 330: 0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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