ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Control Chjpped Plcked up Broadcast Piled and Piled and and and Burned Burned Burned Spread Removed (in rows) (between rows) LOGGING RESIDUE DISPOSAL TREATMENTS Figure 8.--SoiZ erosion Losses associa$ed with various residue krea&mmts on ZodgepoZe pine ctearcuts during 30 minutes of infiltromeker rainfall at; 3.25 inches per hour. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that the residue disposal treatments employed on these tracts produced changes in surface soil and vegetative characteristics-- changes that sometimes enhanced and sometimes impaired the hydrologic performance and soil stability behavior of the lodgepole pine sites. In general, the recovery of impaired watershed protection conditions does not occur rapidly given the high altitudes and the short growing seasons that characterize these forests. Furthermore, recovery of impaired conditions appears somewhat slower on sites where the vegetation and soil mantle have been drastically disturbed by mechanized equipment than on similar sites where residue disposal did not disturb the forest floor. The most effective residue treatment in terms of surface runoff and erosion control is the chipping and respreading of the residue as a protective mulch. This particular treatment, however, has serious di sadvantages--the almost complete suppression of vegetation and the elimination of natural lodgepole pine reproduction. The most adverse soi 1 and vegetative characteristics, the poorest surface runoff and erosion control, and the slowest recovery rates were encountered where residue was dozer piled and burned.
One of the least detrimental residue disposal treatments in terms of watershed condition, performance, and speed of recovery is complete removal of residue for chipping and subsequent use of chipped material el sewhere. The practicality of this treatment, however, is contingent upon the existence of an economical ly feasible market for chips or other small timber products. Finally, the most effective and economical residue treatment in terms of protection to soil and vegetal characteristics, control of surface runoff and erosion, and rapidity in watershed recovery following logging is broadcast burning. LITERATURE CITED El 1 i son, Li ncol n. 1954. Subalpine vegetation of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Ecological Monographs, 24: pp. 89-184, April. Packer, Paul E. and Bryan D. dilliams. 1976. Logging and prescribed burning effects on the hydrologic and soil stabil i ty behavior of larch/Douglas-fir forests in the northern Rocky Mountains. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. and Intermountain Fire Research Counci 1 Fi re and Land Management Symposi urn. Mi ssoul a, Mont. Oct. 1974. p. 465-479.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92: S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96: Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98: SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100: As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102: The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104: MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106: Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108: 6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110: Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
Page 111 and 112: APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114: Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116: Appendix E.--Water use during the g
Page 117 and 118: One of the most efficient methods o
Page 119 and 120: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122: Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
Page 123 and 124: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 125: ' Control Chipped and Picked up and
Page 129 and 130: INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
Page 131 and 132: %pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134: The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136: I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138: Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140: create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142: Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144: National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146: UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148: Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150: Weights of typical trees on these t
Page 151 and 152: pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154: MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156: Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158: Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160: sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162: RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164: The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166: Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168: Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170: On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172: Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174: Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176: I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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