ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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El gmork, &;re. 1976. A remnant brown bear population in southern Norway and problems of its conservation. In Pel ton, Clichael R., Jack W. Lcntfer, and G. Edgar Folk, eds. Bears - their bslogy and management. Florges, IUCN New Series 40:281-297. Gaffney, William S. 1941. The effects of winter elk browsing, south fork of the Flathead River, thn tana. J. Wi 1 dl. Manage. 5(4) :427-453. Graham, Dean C. 1978. Grizzly bear distribution, use of habitats, food habits, and habitat char- acterization in Pel ican and tiayden Valleys , Ye1 lowstone National Park. Bozeman: Montana State Univ., F1.S. Thesis 124 pp. Herrero, S. 1972. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (r7rsus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (~irsus arctos Linne') of Lorth America. In S. Herrero, ed., Bears - their biology and management. Lorges , IUCM New Series 23:221-231. Hershey, Terry J, , and Thomas A. Leege, 1976, Influences of logging on elk on summer range in north-central Idaho. Proc. El k-Logging-Roads Synip. , Univ. Idaho, pp, 73-80. Irwin, Larry L. 1976. Effects of intensive silviculture on big game forage sources in Northern Idaho. Proc, Elk-Logging-Roads Symp., Univ. Idaho, pp. 135-142. Janson, Rcuel , 1973. Montana's elk habitat - Administrative region 2. Prac. Wcst. States Elk Workshop, Bozeman, Clont. Fish and Game Dept., pp. 35-37. Jonkel, Charles J. 1975. Of bears and people. h!est. Wildlands 2:30-37. Jonkel , Charles J. and Christopher Servheen. 1977. Bears and people. Nest. Plildlands 4: 22-25. Kaal , Ma ti. 1976. Ecology, protection, and prospect of utilization of the brown bear in the Estonian S.S.R. In Pel ton, tlichael R. , Jack W. Lentfer, and G. Edgar Folk, eds. Bears - theF biology and management. Horges , IUCN New Series 40 : 303- 306. Knight, Richard, Joseph Basi le, Kenneth Greer , Steven Judd, Lloyd 01 denburg, and Larry Roop. 1978. Ye1 lows tone grizzly bear investigations. Annual report of the interagency study team, 1977. USDI Nat. Park Serv., 107 pp. Kurteri, ~jorn. 1968. Pleistocene mammals of Europe. London. Weidenfel d and Nicolson, Ltd., 31 7 PP* Leege, Thomas A. 1976. Relationship of logging to decline of Pete King elk herd. Proc. Elk- Logging-Roads Symp. , U ~iv. Idaho, pp. 60-10.
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera1 brush ranges for big game in northern Idaho. Trans. M. Amer. Wi 1 dl. Bat. Res. Conf. 34:429-437. Leege, Thomas A. 1968. Prescribed burning for elk in northern Idaho. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol . Conf. 8:235-253. Leege, Thomas A. and William 0. Iiickey. 1977. El k-snow-habi tat relationships in the Pete King drainage, Idaho. Idaho Dept. Fish and Game. Wildl. Bul. 6, 23 pp. Leege, Thomas A., and William 0. Hickey. 1971. Sprouting of northern Idaho shrubs after prescribed burning. J. Wildl . Manage. 35(3) :508-515. Leopol d, A1 do. 1948. Game management, Charles Scribners Sons, blew York, 481 pp. Lonner, Terry N. 1978. Long Tom Creek study, job II-B. Montana Coop. Elk-Lo ging Study Annual Progress Rept. , Jan. 1 - Dec 31, 1977, pp. 17-54, (mime0 3 . Lyon, L. Jack. 1979a. Habitat effectiveness for elk as influenced by roads and cover. J . For. 77 (1 0) : 658-660. Lyon, L. Jack. 1979b. Influences of logging and weather on elk distribution in western Montana. USDA For. Serv., Res, Pap. INT-236, 11 pp. Lyon, L. Jack. 1976. Elk use as related to characteristics of clearcuts in western lilontana. Proc. El k-Logging-Roads Symp., Univ. Idaho, pp. 69-72. Lyon, L. Jack. 1975. Coordinating forestry and elk management in Montana: Initial recommendations. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 40:193-201. Lyon, L. Jack. 1971 a. Vegetal development following prescribed burning of Douglas-fir in south- central Idaho. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-105, 30 pp. Lyon, L. Jack. 1971b. A cooperative research program: effects of logging on elk in Montana. Proc. Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. State Game and Fish Comms. 51 :447-457. Lyon, L. Jack. 1966. Problems of habitat management for deer and elk in the northern forests. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper INT-24, 15 pp. Lyon, L. Jack and Chester E, Jensen. 1980. Management implications of elk and deer use as related to characteristics of clearcuts in F,lontana. J. Wil dl. Manage. 44(2) : 352-362.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400: Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402: Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
Page 403 and 404: Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406: Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
Page 407 and 408: Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410: Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411 and 412: Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
Page 413 and 414: Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
Page 415 and 416: Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
Page 417 and 418: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420: INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422: F
Page 423 and 424: NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428: F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429 and 430: 1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 431 and 432: 3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434: Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436: Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438: tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440: UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442: Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492: ~
Page 493 and 494: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496: Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500: In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502:
ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506:
Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508:
understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512:
DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
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