ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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characterized the deci sionmaking process facing executives in marketing in a way which is particularly appropos to the forest manager. We quote and paraphrase from their book, Mu1 tiattribute Decisions in Marketing (Green and Wind 1973) : The traditional view of modeling executive decision-making behavior in terms of the objectives and actions of economic man is also being challenged as too narrow a conceptualization. . . . (The) more recent models recognize that organizational decision making, . . . , is a complex, mu1 tivariable process that cannot be captured by any single function such as corporate profit maximization, enhancement of social responsi bi 1 i ty, or the 1 ike. Rather, executive-choice behavior involves mu1 tiple influences and goals and potentially conflicting objectives. Not surprisingly, mre recent (decisionmaking) models high1 ight the mu1 tiattri bute nature of a1 ternatives involved in managerial decisions. The framework in which a forest manager's decisions are viewed seems to parallel closely that described by Green and Wind. Similarly, we will examine the decisionmaking of forest managers as a "descriptive approach to individual riskless choice involving multiattribute alternatives in a more or less static .,.choice situation." (Green and Wind 1973). A number of a1 ternative characterizations of the decisionmaking process are illustrated in figure 1. DECISION MAKING A Descriptive Prescriptive A l ndividual Group Riskless Uncertain Multi- attribute ~inyle ~ttribute Figure 1. --Characterization of the decisionmaking process. Decisionmaking may be studied using either a prescriptive or a descriptive approach, The fields of operations research and economics are prescriptive in that they are concerned with making decisions consistent with some set of criteria-frequently uti 1 i ty maximization, Whatever the criteria, a specific reconrnendati on is made on the course of action which should be taken. This course of action is consistent with some explicitly defined set of assumptions thought to be rational.
In the descriptive approach, however, interest is focused on how decisions are made rather than on how decisions should be made. Research attention is on how decisionmakers behave, and no judgments are made about how they should behave. The descriptive approach is characteristic of many models, such as Simon's "satisficing model" mentioned earlier. No hard and fast distinctions can be made between the descriptive and prescriptive models; indeed, the prescriptive approach may provide only a description of an ideal decisionmaker. It is important to realize that this distinction between descriptive and prescriptive models is frequently quite blurred. We be1 ieve that examining how forest managers make deci sions--what information they use and what information they ignore--will suggest strategies for emphasizing and de-emphasizing particular research results, In examining the decisionmaking process, it will be convenient to represent the outcome of each treatment alternative as a vector where Xi refers to the level or state of the ith attribute. We assume the decisionmaker judges some alternatives as more valuable than others; the results of this judgment process can be represented as a uti 1 i ty function The mere act of making choices among a set of multiattribute alternatives is suffi- cient to guarantee the existence of such a function, It should be emphasized that the number of attributes that potentially can be utilized by the decisionmaker or forest manager is astronomical in size. In such a case, n would be extremely large. A great deal of psychological research on decisionmaking has indicated that the number of attributes utilized by people making decisions is quite small. Perhaps the decisionmaker's utility function could be described as where m is some small number. There may be only a small difference between decisions made by a utility function with a large number of attributes and one made with a few sal ient attributes. The problem, of course, is to reduce the number of attributes to a manageable size; hence, the need to study the process of decisionmaking by forest managers. Many decisionmakers would deny that they look only at a few 'crucial ' attributes when making a decision--they argue, correctly, that things are more complex. The decisionmaker may only utilize a small number of attributes, but that decisionmaker must understand each of those attributes thoroughly if the decisions are going to be intelligent ones.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492: ~
Page 493 and 494: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496: Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 501 and 502: ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504: As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506: Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508: understory biomass density, X2 repr
Page 509 and 510: or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512: DISCUSSION It is important to note
Page 513 and 514: LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516: Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
Page 517 and 518: themselves, the traditional industr
Page 519 and 520: highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522: Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524: In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526: Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527: The Intermountain Station, headquar
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