ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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McLellan, Eruce. 1978. Relationships between elk, snow, habitat use, and timber management in the White River drainage of southeastern British Columbia. E.C Fish and Wildlife Branch. File Report, 33 pp., (mimeo). Mackie, Richard J. 1978. Natural regulation of mu1 e deer populations . Northwest Section, The Wildl ife Society, Symposium on the Natural Regulation of Wildl ife Populations, (ntimeo), 16 pp, Narcurn, C. Les. 1975. Summer-fall habitat selection and use by a western Montana elk herd. Nissoula: Univ, Kontana, PhD thesis, 188 pp. Martinka, C. J. 1976, Ecological role and management of grizzly bears in Glacier Natlonal Park, blontana. In Pel ton, Michael R., Jack W. Lentfer and C. Edgar Folk, eds. Bears - thxr biology and management. fiorges, IUCN New Series 40:147-156. Mealey, Stephen P. 1975. The natural food habits of free ranging grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973- 1974. Bozeman: State Univ, , H.S. Thesis 158 pp. Miller, R. F. 1974. Spring, summer and fall use by cattle and big game on foothill rangelands. Corvallis: Oreg. State Univ. M.S. Thesis 126pp. Mueggl er, Wa 1 ter F. 1967. Trees, shrubs and elk. Idaho Wildl. Rev. 19(4):12-13. Mundy, K. R. D. and D, R, Flook. 1973, Eackground for managing grizzly bears in the National Parks of Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service, Rept. Series No. 22, 34 pp. Murie, 0, J. 1951. The elk of North Anierica. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa., and Nildl. Manage. Ins t. , Washington, D. C., 376 pp. Patton, David R. 1974, Patch cutting increases deer and elk use of a pine forest in Arizona. J. For. 72(2):764-766. Pengelly, W, L. 1972. Clearcutting: Detrimental aspects for wild1 ife resources. J. Soil and Water Cons. 27(6) : 255-258. Pengelly, W. L. 1963. Timberlands and deer in the northern Rockies. 3. For. 61(10): 734-740. Perry, Charles and Robert Overly. 1976. Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington. Proc. El k-Logging-Roads Symp., Univ. Idaho, pp. 62-68. Pulliainen, E. 1972. Distribution and population structure of the bear (ursus arctos L.) in Fin land. Ann. lool. Fennici 9: 199- 207.
Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen grove use by deer, elk, and cattle in southwestern coniferous forests. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RFI-138, 4 pp, Reynol ds, Hudson G. 1966a. Slash cleanup in a ponderosa pine forest affects use by deer and cattle. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RIrl-64, 3 pp. Reynolds, Hudson G. 1966b. Use of openings in spruce-fir forests of Arizona by elk, deer, and cattle. USDA For. Serv. Res Note RM-66, 4 pp. . Reynolds , Hudson G. 1962. Use of natural openings in a ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer, elk, and cattle, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note tio. 78. 4 p. Roberts, Hadley B. 1974. Effects of logging on elk calving habitat. USDA For. Serv., Salmon Natl. For., 22 pp. Rost, Gregory R. and James A. Bailey. 1979. Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to roads. J. 6ildl. Manage. 43(3) :634-641. Rost, Gregory R. and James A. Bailey. 1974. Responses of deer and elk to roads on the Roosevel t National Forest. Northwest Section, The W i 1 dl, Soc. , Edmonton, A1 berta, 19 pp. , (mimeo) . Stankey, 6. H., R. C. Lucas and F!. R. Rear. 1973. Relationships between hunting success and satisfaction. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 38:235-242. Stelfox, J. G., G. Pi. Lynch and J. F!. McGillis. 1976. Effects of clearcut logging on wild ungulates in the central Albertan foothills. For. Chron. 5Z(Z) :1-6. Stelfox, J. and R. D. Taber. 1969. Big game in the northern Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. In Proc. Conif. For. of Northern Rocky Flountains Symp., Univ. of blontana,pp. 197-222. Telfer, E. S., and J. P. Kelsall . 1971. Morphological parameters for mama1 locomotion in snow. Proc. 51st Ann. Meeting Am. Soc. Plamn. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, 12 pp. Thiessen, J. L. 1976. Some relations of elk to logging, roading and hunting in Idaho's game management unit 39. Proc. Elk-Logging-Roads Symp., Univ. Idaho, pp 3-5. Thomas, Jack Ward, Rodney 3. Miller, Hugh Black, Jon E. Rodiek and Chris Maser. 1976. Guide1 ines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Trans. N. Amer. Wild1 . Nat. Res. Conf. 41 : 452-476.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400:
Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402: Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
Page 403 and 404: Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406: Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
Page 407 and 408: Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410: Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411 and 412: Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
Page 413 and 414: Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
Page 415 and 416: Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
Page 417 and 418: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420: INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422: F
Page 423 and 424: NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428: F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429 and 430: 1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 431 and 432: 3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434: Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436: Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438: tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440: UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442: Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492: ~
Page 493 and 494: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496: Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500: In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502: ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504:
As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506:
Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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