ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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The demands for wood fiber combined with the technology of harvesting and management can result in the manipulation of on-site residues, and may prove an important factor in future land management prescriptions. Threshold values and guidelines must be developed so the proper amounts of residue remain on the site; or conversely, the proper amount is removed to optimize all aspects of management. These guide1 ines should define the amount of residual material as well as its size and arrangement. Management, in its efforts to meet resource needs without damaging forest ecosystems, will need to incorporate data on the residue component into the planning process. It may become as important to know the amount and nature of what is left on a site as it is to know the volume of merchantable material harvested.
MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT Roger D. Hungerford Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment station ABSTRACT The concept of energy balance is useful in analyzing the environmental changes and in predicting biological responses that follow timber harvesting and residue management. The physical properties of the surface have a large effect on the surface environment. Surface conditions such as radiation load and temperature have reached lethal levels following harvesting on several sites. Harvesting also aggravates and creates frost pockets that severely 1 imit seedling establ ishment. Some predictive models are discussed that aid in prediction of environmental conditions and relate to biological imp1 ications. Methods of using residue manipulation to alter the microenvirontnent are suggested. KEYWORDS: 1 ogging residue, temperature, net radiation, operational environment, energy budget INTRODUCTION Harvesting has specific effects on the mi croenvi ronrnent which in turn influence the subsequent development of the site. The condition of a microsite within several meters of the surface can vary considerably over space and time. When extreme conditions are created by harvesting they may hamper seedling establishment and cause successional development to take an undesirable path. The magnitude, frequency, and duration of any harvest-related changes are the crucial factors in relation to seedling requirements. Quantitative infornlation based on these factors precedes the creation of practical model s : model s based on fundamental physical princl ples may be appl ied to a wide range of habitat types and harvest situations. Although universally accepted relationships are not yet fully developed, research aims at modeling bio- physical responses to harvesting in pursuit of predictive model s for land managers.
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
Page 3 and 4: USDA Forest Service General Technic
Page 5 and 6: REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
Page 7 and 8: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
Page 9 and 10: By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
Page 11 and 12: Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
Page 13 and 14: I believe that the future of forest
Page 15 and 16: enewable resource that can be proce
Page 17 and 18: productive capacity. Recent legisla
Page 19 and 20: Much of the research investigating
Page 21 and 22: Six sale area blocks were logged (f
Page 23 and 24: Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
Page 25 and 26: Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
Page 27 and 28: Each of the four cutting units was
Page 29 and 30: A concerted effort was made to coor
Page 31 and 32: oriented toward the basic response
Page 33 and 34: WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
Page 35 and 36: STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
Page 37 and 38: I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
Page 39 and 40: Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
Page 41: Depending on the cutting and treatm
Page 45 and 46: I Where: Cs is the concentration at
Page 47 and 48: Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
Page 49 and 50: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
Page 51 and 52: I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
Page 53 and 54: Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
Page 55 and 56: SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92: S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96:
Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98:
SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106:
Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110:
Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 303 and 304:
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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