ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Pfister, Robert D., Bernard L. Kovalchik, Stephen F. Arno, and Richard C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34, 174 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Schmidt, Wyman C., and Raymond C. Shearer. 1973. Western larch. In Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. p. 37-38. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, D. C. Schmidt, Wyman C., Raymond C. Shearer, and Arthur L. Roe. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch forests. U. S. Dep. Agric., Tech. Bull. 1520, 96 p. Washington, D. C. Schmidt, Wyman C., and James E. Lotan. 1980. Es tab1 ishment and initial development of lodgepol e pine in response to residue management. In Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harves ti ng i n Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests. Shearer, Raymond C. 1975. Seedbed characteristics in western larch forests after prescribed burning. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-167, 26 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Shearer, Raymond C. 1980. Regeneration establishment in response to harvesting and residue management in a western 1 arch/Dougl as-fi r forest. ~n Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests. Society of American Foresters, Committee on Forest Types. 1954. Forest cover types of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 67 p. Washington, D.C. Stickney, Peter F. In press. Data base for postfire succession, f irst 6 to 9 years, in Montana larch/fir forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech . Rep. INT-62, 133 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp Stn., Ogden, UT.
APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found on the Coram E. F. study area included: Trees Shrubs Abies Zasiocaqm BekuZa papyrifera Larix occidentuZis Picea engezmannii Pinus aZbieauZis PCrms eontorta P
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
Page 199 and 200: Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
Page 201 and 202: Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
Page 203 and 204: Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
Page 205 and 206: Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
Page 207 and 208: PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209 and 210: Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 211 and 212: Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
Page 213 and 214: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
Page 215 and 216: FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
Page 217 and 218: the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220: Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222: We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224: Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228: Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236: Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238: Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240: Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
Page 241 and 242: Biomass Regression analyses relatin
Page 243 and 244: SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
Page 245 and 246: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
Page 247 and 248: Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
Page 249: Leaf and stem components of the shr
Page 253 and 254: INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256: Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
Page 257 and 258: each permanent point) of the clearc
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
Page 261 and 262: were not significant. These treatme
Page 263 and 264: Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
Page 265 and 266: Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268: Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
Page 269 and 270: Table 6. --Germination of conifers
Page 271 and 272: Survival, growth and form will be m
Page 273 and 274: Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
Page 275 and 276: to the amount of residue originally
Page 277 and 278: As the following tabulation shows,
Page 279 and 280: Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 281 and 282: Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284: .4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286: Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288: DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290: EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292: mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296: FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298: I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300: shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486:
Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492:
~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512:
DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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