ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Broadcast Piled Chipped Chipped burn burn removed returned Figure 4.--Weights, by component, of typicat todgepote pine 5 years after developing from seed on each treafment. In 1977, five growing seasons after planting and seeding, the surviving seed1 i ng densities per hectare were : Planted Spot seeded Broadcast burned 1,505 91 4 Pi 1 ed-burned 1,522 81 5 Chi pped-removed 1,021 51 9 Chipped-returned 848 395 Qata courtesy of W. C. Schmidt, Forest Service, Bozeman, Mont. A density of only one seedling per seed spot is assumed in this tabulation.
Weights of typical trees on these treatments are multiplied by the appropriate values in this tabluation to produce the biomass estimates per hectare shown in table 1. Tab1 e 1 .--Biomass in 1977 of planted and seeded lodgepole pine PI anted Above ground 48.3 61.2 26.9 11.2 Roots 7.3 8.8 4.4 2.1 Total 55.6 70.0 31.3 13.3 Seeded Above ground 2.7 11.4 4.0 0.5 Roots 0.7 2.0 0.6 0.1 Total 3.1 13.4 4.6 0.6 Nutrient and ash concentrations in the planted lodgepole pine are shown in table 2. Except for iron, the concentrations did not statistically differ with respect to treatment. Far less iron was found in the new needles from the chipped- removed and chipped-returned sites than from the broadcast burned and piled-burned treatment areas. A similar, but less marked, relationship held true for the iron contents of the other above-ground tree components. In contrast, the opposi te occurred in the roots; the iron content of roots on the near-complete (chipped) units was more than twice that found on the conventionally harvested units. Only four samples, of five trees each, make up each of the observations in table 2. As a result, the slightest variation within treatments masks any differences among them. The data indicate no marked nutrient deficiencies, supporting field observations of healthy stock on all but the chipped-returned treatment. Mu1 tiplying nutrient concentrations by the weights of typical trees on these treatments produced results that show marked differences among treatments in the amount of some nutrients taken up by the developing tree biomass (table 3). But, this directly reflects the size and vigor of these trees, not their nutritional we1 1-being. Gram for gram they all may be equally well nourished. ORGANIC SURFACE Soils The nutrient content of the surface organic layer (Ao), including that of all chips and debris less than 3 cm in diameter, is shown in table 4. Over the 5-year post- treatment timespan, nitrogen and cal ci um contents generally increased, and potassium and magnesium contents decreased. Even though chips had lower concentrations of most elements than the usual forest 1 i tter, the large volume of chips on the chipped-returned site, in addition to the residual 1 i t ter underneath, resulted in a larger quantity of every nutrient on this treatment than on any other. After 5 years, total nitrogen was least under burned piles, largely because it was volatilized when the organic material on the soil surface was burned. Phosphorus content of the forest litter seems to have been unaffected by treatment. The
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98: SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100: As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102: The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104: MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106: Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108: 6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110: Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
Page 111 and 112: APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114: Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116: Appendix E.--Water use during the g
Page 117 and 118: One of the most efficient methods o
Page 119 and 120: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122: Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
Page 123 and 124: Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 125 and 126: ' Control Chipped and Picked up and
Page 127 and 128: One of the least detrimental residu
Page 129 and 130: INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
Page 131 and 132: %pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134: The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136: I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138: Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140: create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142: Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144: National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146: UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147: Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 151 and 152: pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154: MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156: Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158: Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160: sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162: RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164: The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166: Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168: Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170: On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172: Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174: Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176: I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178: Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180: MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182: Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183 and 184: In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186: Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
Page 187 and 188: carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190: Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 191 and 192: Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
Page 193 and 194: ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
Page 195 and 196: Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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