ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Savely, N. E., Jr. 1939. Ecological relations of certaln animals in dead pine and oak logs. Ecol . Monogr. 913) :323-385. Schmid, J. M. and Roy C, Beckwith. 1975. The spruce beetle. USDA For. Pest Leafl. 127, 7 p., illus. Schmitz, R. F. and A. R. Taylor. 1969, An instance of lightning damage and infestation of ponderosa pine by the pine engraver beetle in Montana. USDA For. Serv, Res. Note INT-88. 18 p. Schoprneyer, C. S. 1939. Direct-seeding in the western white pine type. LJSDA For. Serv,, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Stn. , Appl . Forest. Notes 90, 10 p. MIssoul a, MT. Schopmeyer, C. S. and A. E. Pelmers. 1947. Seeding as a means oi reforestation in the northern Rocky Mountain regian. USDA Circ. 772. 31 p., illus. Schwennesen, D, 1979. Epidemics part of forest evolution, Iverson Says. Missgulidn, 24 Oct. 1979. Schwennsen, D. 1980. Agency rapped for OKing Salvage sale. Missoul ian, Wednesday, 25 June 1980. Shea, K. R. 1971. Disease and insect activity in relation to intensive culture of forests. Proc. XV Int. Union For. Res. Org (IuFROJ, March 1971, p. 109-118. Shea, K, R and Norman E. Johnson. 1962. Deterioration of wind-thrown conf fers three years after blowdown in south- western Washington. Weyerhaeuser Co. For. Res. Note 44, 17 p, , illus. Simmons, G. A,, J. Mahar, M. K. Kennedy and J. Ball. 1977. Prellminary test of prescribed burnfng for control of maple leaf cutter (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae). The Greqt Lakes Entomol . 10:209-210. Snoddy, Edward L. and H. H. Tippins. 1968. On the ecology of a smoke fly, Microsania fmperfecta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61 (5) :l2OO-~2Ol. Speers, C. F. 1974. Pales and pitch-eating weevils: development fn relation to time pine$ are cut in the Southeast. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note SE-207. October 1974. Sterner, T. E. 1970. Buff decay in blasnm fir defoliated by the spruce budworm. Bi-mo.Res. Note Can. Dep. Fish. and For. 26(21:17-18. Stevens, R. E. and R. C, Hall. 1960. Beetles and burned timber. USDA For. Serv. Pac. S.W. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Mfsc. Pap, No. 49. Stillwell, M. A. 1956. Pathological aspects of severe spruce budworm attack. For. Sci . 2 (3) :174- 180.
Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habitat and fire. In Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. Proc. 2, p. 163-175. Tester, J. R. and W. H. Marshall. 1961. A study of certain plant and animal interrelations on a native prairie in northwestern Minnesota, Univ. Minn., Mus. Nat. Hist. Occas. Pap. 8:l-151. Thatcher, R. C. 1960. Influence of the pitch-eating weevil on pine regeneration in east Texas. For. Sci . 6(4) :354-361. Thomas, J. B. 1955, Notes on insects and other arthropods in red and white pine logging slash. Can. Entomol . 87(8) :338-344. Thomas, G. M. and K. H. Wright. 1961. S-ilver fir beetles. USDA For. Pest Leaf. 60:l-7. Tolbert, W. W. 1975. The effects of slope exposure on arthropod distribution patterns. em. Mid1 . Nat. 94(1) :38-53. Tostowaryk, W. 1973. Population estimation and feeding behavior of adult carabids stands, Quebec. For. Abs. 35(5) :2522. 'I'n jack pine Tunnock, Archibald, Jr. (now known as Scott Tunnock). 1959. Engelmann spruce beet1 e evaluation in northwestern Montana-- 1958. Unpubl . Rep., Missoula For. Insect Lab., 5 p. USDA For. Sery., Inteymt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Tunnock, Scott, 1966. Forest insect conditions in the northern Rocky Mountains. - In Forest insect conditions in the United States, 1966. 42 p. USDA For. Serv,, Interrnt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Uetz, G. W. 1975. Temporal and spatial variation in species diversity of wandering spiders in deciduous forest 1 i tter. Environ. Entomol . 4(5) 919-724. Uetz, G. W. 1976. Gradient analysts of spider communities in a streamside forest. Oecol ogia 22: 373-395. USDA, Forest Service, 1975(a). Answers to public concerns about DDT and the tuss~ck moth. 18 February 1975. Unpublished leaflet prepared by the Division of State and Private Forestry, USDA For. Serv. Region 6, Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service. 1975(b). Proposed research and development program on spruce budworms. April 1975. USDA, Forest Service. 1975(c). Pub1 i c comments on EPFF (Environmental program for the future). USDA For. Serv. February 1975.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
Page 361 and 362: In the northern Rockies, one conife
Page 363 and 364: management, and not the beetle." If
Page 365 and 366: investigation regardin controlled b
Page 367 and 368: WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
Page 369 and 370: Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
Page 371 and 372: I Different i nvesti gators have us
Page 373 and 374: if the forest floor is completely c
Page 375 and 376: Carabids as biological control agen
Page 377 and 378: een placed for protection from rode
Page 379 and 380: with every tree in the stand contin
Page 381 and 382: Spiders as predators.--Studies have
Page 383 and 384: At least two studies have been made
Page 385 and 386: In the long-leaf pine forests in th
Page 387 and 388: RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
Page 389 and 390: In the spruce-fir stands infested w
Page 391 and 392: Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
Page 393 and 394: plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396: CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
Page 397 and 398: Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400: Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402: Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
Page 403 and 404: Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406: Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
Page 407 and 408: Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410: Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411: Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
Page 415 and 416: Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
Page 417 and 418: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420: INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422: F
Page 423 and 424: NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428: F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429 and 430: 1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 431 and 432: 3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434: Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436: Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438: tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440: UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442: Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464:
I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466:
Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468:
Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472:
GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474:
TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492:
~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
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