ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS If we consider forest floor and forest soil mesofauna to be beneficial organisms --and we really have no evidence or reason not to--what we have learned so far suggests that some of our cutting and residue management practices may be more favorable to some arthropods than others. Even though no data have been analyzed and only a few general findings have been presented, some prel iminary recomnendations can be made. These recomnendations are solely entomological and based on the incompletely analyzed and interpreted data of this study. Of the four treatments studied, a shelterwood cutting accompanied by a near-100-percent removal and utilization of nonmerchantable residue and understory appears to be the most desirable treatment. The second best treatment would be a she1 terwood cut followed by the burning of residues. Preliminary data indicate that 1 year following burning under a shelterwood cut, mesofaunal populations already have recovered to the levels of those in adjacent undisturbed forests. With this prescription, apparently there are sufficient unburned refugia to allow recolonization of burned areas fairly rapidly. Of the four treatments, the least recommended would be clearcutting followed by burning of residue. Cl earcutting accompanied by 100-percent mechanical residue removal would be more favorable to soil mesofauna than clearcutting and burning residues. In summary, the seemingly insignificant animals of the forest floor and soil should not be ignored in either the harvesting system or the management of residue. As noted by Wenz (l976), "Disruptions of soil microarthropods have potential long- term consequences to decomposition and nutrient cycling processes and should be weighed carefully when considering forest management options." We should favor those resource and utilization practlces that satisfy our increasing needs and demands for wood fiber while minimizing adverse impacts to, and insuring the continued functioning of, plant and animal forest ecosystems. Insofar as so4 1-1 i tter animals are concerned, we have acceptable management options, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study benefited from the outstanding collaboration of Drew DePuydt, formerly bfological technician at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Mont, From 1975 until late 1979, he was largely responsible for much of the field work and nearly all of the lqboratory processing of the samples and data.
LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 1974. The effect of fire on soil organisms. In Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. Fellin, D. G. l98O(a). A review of some interactions between harvesting , residue management, fire, and forest insects and diseases. In Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain ~onifFous Forests Symp. Fellin, D. G. l98O(b). Influence of harvesting practices and residue management, incl uding prescribed fire, on forest floor arthropods. In Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain coniferous Forests Symp. Fellin, D. G. l98O(c).. Populations of some forest 1 i tter, humus, and soil arthropods as affected by silvicultural practices, residue utilization, and prescribed fire. In Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain ConifGous Forests Symp. Huhta, V. and others. 1967. Effects of silvicul tural practices upon arthropod, annelid, and nematode populations in coniferous forest soil. Ann. Zool . Fenn. 4 :87-135. Huhta, V. and others. 1969. Further notes on the effect of silvicul tural practices upon the fauna of coniferous forest soil. Ann. Zool . Fenn. 6:327-334. Huhta, V. 1971. Succession in the spider cornunities of the forest floor after clearcutting and prescribed burning, Ann. Zool . Fenn. 8:483-542. Metz, L. F., and M. H. Farrier. 1971. Prescribed burning and soil mesofauna on the Santee Experimental Forest. Proc. of prescribed burning symposi urn 14-1 6 Apri 1 1971, Char1 eston, S. C. USDA For. Serv. Southeastern For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C. Mitchell , R. G. and C. Sartwell. 1974. Insects and other arthropods, In Environmental effects of forest residues management in the PNW. A state-of-knowledge compendium. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-24, 516 p. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg . Schmidt, W. C. 1980. Understory vegetation response to harvesting and residue management in a larch/f ir forest. Proc. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting in Rocky Mountain Coni ferous Forests Symp. Tolbert, W. W. 1975. The effects of slope exposure on arthropod distribution patterns. Am. Mid1 . Nat. 94(1):38-53.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284: .4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286: Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288: DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290: EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292: mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296: FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298: I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300: shelterwood with residues, were sig
Page 301 and 302: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 307 and 308: indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310: Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312: 1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314: I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316: the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318: Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
Page 319 and 320: POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
Page 321 and 322: STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
Page 325 and 326: Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328: Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
Page 329 and 330: 0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
Page 331 and 332: SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
Page 333: In the first season or two followin
Page 337 and 338: A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
Page 339 and 340: and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
Page 341 and 342: Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
Page 343 and 344: foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346: The large aerial spray programs aga
Page 347 and 348: Weakened living trees, or trees kil
Page 349 and 350: Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352: The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354: Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356: Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358: The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
Page 359 and 360: Bark and engraver beetles infesting
Page 361 and 362: In the northern Rockies, one conife
Page 363 and 364: management, and not the beetle." If
Page 365 and 366: investigation regardin controlled b
Page 367 and 368: WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
Page 369 and 370: Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
Page 371 and 372: I Different i nvesti gators have us
Page 373 and 374: if the forest floor is completely c
Page 375 and 376: Carabids as biological control agen
Page 377 and 378: een placed for protection from rode
Page 379 and 380: with every tree in the stand contin
Page 381 and 382: Spiders as predators.--Studies have
Page 383 and 384: At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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