ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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PRESCRIBED 0 l I I I I JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER ~igure 5.-- Effects of harvest treatment on N fixation in the hms Zayer (02) of a cedar-hemlock stand during the smer (Idaho). Changes in nonsymbiotic N fixation rates due to timber re~oval also reflects differences in site productivity, The amounts of N fixed in a highly productive, northern Idaho cedar-hemlock soil were much greater than in a cold, high altitude lodgepole pine soil regardless of harvest treatment. Conservatively assuming that the N-fixing bacteria would be active for only 100 dayslyr, N added to the cedar-hemlock soil would amount to slightly over 1 kg/ha/yr on the prescribed burned sites to nearly 2.3 kg/ha/yr in the uncut stands. However, as the stands on these cut and burned areas become reestablished, the N fixation rates would likely increase to preharvest levels. The length of the recovery period is unknown. While these N gains are small on an annual basis, the significance over a stand rotation of 100-150 years would be appreciable. In contrast, N added to the lodgepole pine soils would be much lower. Again assuming a 100 day activity period for the N-fixing microflora (a possible overestimation), less than .25 kg/ha/yr of N would be added to the burned sites, and only .5 kg/ha/yr in the undisturbed stands. N fixation rates should also increase as this site regenerates, but the recovery time would probably be longer than on the more favorable cedar-hem1 ock site. More immediate N gains on poorer sites could be obtained by converting unused logging residues into chips. N fixation rates associated with wood chip decay were the highest found in any of the wood or soil substrates examined (Jurgensen and others, 1979b). The insulating properties of the chips and the heat and moisture generated during fermentative and decay processes would favor the activity of N-fixing organisms throughout the year (~arsen and others, 1980). While the economic or practical feasibility of conducting such chipping operations is questionable, it is one way by which logging residues could be more rapidly deconiposed and overall site productiv i ty improved.
Symbiotic N Fixation The establishment of N-fixing plants such as Alnus, Ceanothus, Lupinus, or Astra- galus on logged sites could more than compensate for the tow N additions by the free- living soil bacteria. For example, Youngberg and Wollum (1976) reported that in a ten year period Ceanothus fixed over 1,000 kg N/ha in an Oregon Douglas-fir stat!d after harvesting and slash burning. Appreciable amounts of N are also added to forested sites by other N-fixing plants (Youngberg and Wollum, 1970). Most of the forests in the northern Rocky Mountains do not have a significant N-f ixi ng plant component in pol e-si ze stands or larger (Jurgensen and others, 1979b) . When these stands are logged, N-fixing plants may become established, but their development is habi tat-type specific. For example, Ceanothus is favored on warm, dry Douglas-fir sites following logging and prescribed burning, while on cooler, wetter sites, much less development is found.2 Stickney (1980) observed that - Alnus was ureatly reduced on several clearcut and burned subalpine fir sites in western Montana. However, Alnus is abundant on road cuts and other scarified sites in many subalpine fir habitat types. In the southeastern U. S. timber harvesting and prescribed burning frequently increases the 1 egume component in the ground vegetation (Cushwa and others, 1966). In the generally drier Intermountain region, no such consistent post-harvest pattern of 1 egume development is evident (Jurgensen and others, 1979b). The use of N-fixing plants to replace N losses due to harvesting or fire offers considerable management potential. Youngberg and Woll um (1976) have recommended using Ceanothus for early seedling shade protection and soil N enrichment following logging operations in Oregon. Grier (1975) believes most of the N lost from a severe wildfire in Washington can be replaced by Ceanothus becoming established on the site. The use of legumes as a cover crop in southern pine stands following harvesting is be- ing considered for site N additions and weed control (Haines and DeBell , 1979). Native and introduced legumes are an integral part of erosion control efforts on logged or burned sites (Monsen and Plummer, 1978). However, much more information is needed on the response of these plants to stand manipulation and the successional roles they play on disturbed sites . N MINERALIZATION Timber harvesting has pronounced effects on N transformations within a soil . Increases in ammonium (NHq) and nitrate (N03) concentrations were found in the soil following clearcutting and prescribed burning on a subalpine fir site at the Coram Experimental Forest in western Montana. The patterns of N release from the humus (02) horizon for two years after logging is shown in Figure 6. Similar changes in available N 1 evels were recorded for the mineral soil horizons but the amounts were much lower than found in the organic layer. Clearcutting and intensive residue removal increased NHq and NO3 concentrations over those found in an uncut stand during the following growing season. These higher N values on the cleared sites could have resulted from both accelerated organic matter decomposition and a lack of vegetation to take up the N as it was mineralized. The greatest effect on available N levels occurred when the site was clearcut and burned. Such gains in available N after fire have also been reported for conifer sites in Idaho (Orme and Leege, 1976), Wyoming (Sku j i ns , 1977), Oregon (Neal and others, l965), Arizona (Campbell and others, 1977), and Europe (Tamm and Popovi c, 1974; Viro, 1974). /personnel Communication, S. F. Arno. U. S. F. S. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134: The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136: I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138: Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140: create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142: Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144: National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146: UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148: Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150: Weights of typical trees on these t
Page 151 and 152: pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154: MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156: Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158: Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160: sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162: RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164: The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166: Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168: Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170: On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172: Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174: Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176: I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178: Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180: MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182: Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183: In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 187 and 188: carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190: Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 191 and 192: Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
Page 193 and 194: ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
Page 195 and 196: Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
Page 199 and 200: Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
Page 201 and 202: Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
Page 203 and 204: Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
Page 205 and 206: Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
Page 207 and 208: PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209 and 210: Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 211 and 212: Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
Page 213 and 214: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
Page 215 and 216: FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
Page 217 and 218: the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220: Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222: We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224: Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228: Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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