ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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Cutting methods at Coram had a considerable effect on net radiation qt the surface. Daily totals were nearly the same in the center of a 16-acre clearcut and a l-acre clearcut--400 cal /cm2/day and 360 cal/cm2/day, respectively (fig. 2). The diurnal progression for both clearcuts was also similar. But net radiation on the same day was 70% (1 23 cal/cm2/day) and 46% (219 cal/cm2/day) less for the uncut and shelterwood areas, respectively. Monthly mean daily amounts showed the same differences particularly from May through September (fig. 3). Differences during the winter months were not as great. It is interesting to note that for some months (i.e. December) the net radiation showed a net loss of energy. Data from the Lubrecht site (fig. 4) showed the same differences between the clearcut and uncut treatments. - l o I l \ I I I I I I I I 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Figure 2. --DiurnaZ variation
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. OLC. Figure 3.-- Mean daily net radiation hy month for stands at Corn ExperimentaZ Forest. MONTH Figure 4.-- Mean daily net ~adiafiZon uncut stands at Lubrecht Exp@rimentaZ Forest, 1978. by month for clearcut (15 ac~es) and
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
Page 3 and 4: USDA Forest Service General Technic
Page 5 and 6: REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
Page 7 and 8: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
Page 9 and 10: By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
Page 11 and 12: Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
Page 13 and 14: I believe that the future of forest
Page 15 and 16: enewable resource that can be proce
Page 17 and 18: productive capacity. Recent legisla
Page 19 and 20: Much of the research investigating
Page 21 and 22: Six sale area blocks were logged (f
Page 23 and 24: Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
Page 25 and 26: Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
Page 27 and 28: Each of the four cutting units was
Page 29 and 30: A concerted effort was made to coor
Page 31 and 32: oriented toward the basic response
Page 33 and 34: WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
Page 35 and 36: STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
Page 37 and 38: I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
Page 39 and 40: Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
Page 41 and 42: Depending on the cutting and treatm
Page 43 and 44: MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
Page 45 and 46: I Where: Cs is the concentration at
Page 47 and 48: Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
Page 49: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
Page 53 and 54: Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
Page 55 and 56: SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92: S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94: Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96: Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98: SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100: As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102:
The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104:
MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106:
Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108:
6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110:
Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122:
Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
Page 129 and 130:
INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
Page 131 and 132:
%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134:
The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136:
I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138:
Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140:
create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142:
Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144:
National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146:
UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148:
Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150:
Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154:
MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156:
Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158:
Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162:
RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164:
The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166:
Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168:
Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170:
On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172:
Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174:
Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176:
I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178:
Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180:
MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182:
Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183 and 184:
In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186:
Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
Page 187 and 188:
carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190:
Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 191 and 192:
Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 211 and 212:
Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
Page 213 and 214:
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220:
Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222:
We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224:
Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226:
INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228:
Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234:
RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254:
INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
Page 263 and 264:
Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
Page 265 and 266:
Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268:
Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
Page 269 and 270:
Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
Page 273 and 274:
Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
Page 277 and 278:
As the following tabulation shows,
Page 279 and 280:
Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 281 and 282:
Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284:
.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286:
Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288:
DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290:
EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292:
mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296:
FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298:
I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310:
Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312:
1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314:
I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316:
the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318:
Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328:
Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
Page 335 and 336:
LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
Page 339 and 340:
and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
Page 343 and 344:
foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346:
The large aerial spray programs aga
Page 347 and 348:
Weakened living trees, or trees kil
Page 349 and 350:
Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352:
The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354:
Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356:
Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358:
The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
Page 361 and 362:
In the northern Rockies, one conife
Page 363 and 364:
management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
Page 389 and 390:
In the spruce-fir stands infested w
Page 391 and 392:
Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
Page 393 and 394:
plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396:
CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
Page 397 and 398:
Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400:
Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402:
Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406:
Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410:
Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444:
The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448:
Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450:
Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456:
INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462:
EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464:
I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466:
Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468:
Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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