ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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CONCLUSIONS The quantity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal activity in forest soils are governed by a variety of environmental and stand variables. Most important among these are stand productivity, stand density, accumulation of various types of soil organic matter (as determined by fire and harvesting history), season and gross climatic characteristics of the site as reflected in soil temperature and moisture. We probably can predict the effects of these variables and their interactions in control 1 ing ectomycorrhi zae. The immediate impacts of broadcast burning on ectomycorrhizae proved to be negative; however, the fertilizing effect of a burn may compensate for this initial loss. Intensive fiber removal had no immediate detrimental effect on ectomycorrhizae, but on sites with low organic reserves it probably would have negative effects over long periods of time. The direct effect of tree harvesting on ectomycorrhizae is a function of host density. This symbiotic association is usually obligatory for both conifer and fungus. Residual root systems from cut trees can support only a much reduced level of ectomycorrhizae for a short time. Adequate colonization of root systems by ectomycorrhizal fungi is prerequisite to the growth of conifers in relatively infertile forest soils. Preventing harvest- re1 ated excess 1 osses in organic material s which support ectomycorrhizal associations will prevent man-caused site deterioration. On the other hand, natural catastrophies can also remove or disturb organic soil components over large areas. We feel natural catastrophies have reduced capacity to support ectomycorrhizae oh many sites now managed for timber production. Harvest, residues and fuel management procedures for these sites can be designed to improve organic matter quantity, type, and distribution, thus potentially increasing timber growth beyond the capabil ity of natural systems. LITERATURE CITED Benson, R. E. Woody material in northern Rocky Mountain forests : volume, character, and changes from harvesting. In Proc. Symposium on the environmental consequences of timber harvesting in ROXY Mountain coniferous forests. Brown, J. K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16, Intermt. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, Utah. 24p.
Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuchungen in subal pinen waldern. Mitt. Forstl , Bundes- beranst. Mariabrunn, 75 :335-356. Hacs kayl o, E. 1973. Dependence of mycorrhizal fungi on hosts. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100:217- 223. Harvey, A. E., M. J. Larsen and M. F. Jurgensen. 1979. Comparative distribution of ectomycorrhizae in soils of three western Montana forest habitat types. For. Sci. 25:350-358. Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen and M. J. Larsen. 1978, Seasonal distribution of ectomycorrhizae in a mature Douglas-firllarch forest soil in western Montana. For. Sci. 24:203-208. Harvey, A. E., M. J. Larsen and M. F. Jurgensen, 1976. Distribution of ectomycorrhizae in a mature Douglas-firllarch forest soil in western Montana. For. Sci . 22 :393-398. Jurgensen, M. F., M. J. Larsen, and A. E. Harvey. Microbial processes associated with nitrogen cycling in northern Rocky Mountain forest soils. In Proc. Symposium on the environmental consequences of timber harvesting in ~ z k Mountain y coniferous forests. Larsen, M. J., M. F. Jurgensen and A. E. Harvey. I pesi due processes and associated envi ronmental functions in northern Rocky Mountain forests. In Proc. Symposium on the environmental consequences of timber harvesting in~ock~ Mountain coniferous forests. I McFee, W. W., and E. L. Stone. 1966. The persistence of decaying wood in the humus layers of northern forests, Soil Sci. Soc. Am, Proc. 30:513-516. McMinn, R. G. 1963. Characteri sti cs of Doug1 as-f i r root systems. Can. J. Bot. 41 :105-122. Mi kola, P. 1973. Mycorrhizal symbiosis in forestry practice. In Ectomycorrhizae, their ecology and physiology, G. C. Marks and T. T. ~ofiowski , eds. p. 383-411 Academic Press, New York and London. 444 p. Pfister, R. D., B. L. Kovalchik, S. F. Arno and C. Presby. 1977, Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34, Intermt. For. Range Exp. Stn, , Ogden, Utah. 172 p. Rayner, M. C. 1936. The mycorrhizal habit in relation to forestry. 11. Organic composts and growth of young trees. Forestry 10 :1-22. Richards, B. N. 1961. Soi 1 pH and mycorrhi za dew1 opment in Pi nus. Nature 190 :lO5-106. Theodorou, C. and G. Bowen. 1969. The influence of pH and nitrate on mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata. D. Don. Aust. 3. Bot. 17:59-67.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160: sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162: RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164: The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166: Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168: Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170: On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172: Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174: Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176: I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178: Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180: MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182: Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183 and 184: In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186: Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
Page 187 and 188: carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190: Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 191 and 192: Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
Page 193 and 194: ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
Page 195 and 196: Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198: Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
Page 199 and 200: Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
Page 201 and 202: Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
Page 203 and 204: Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
Page 205 and 206: Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
Page 207 and 208: PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209: Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 213 and 214: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
Page 215 and 216: FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
Page 217 and 218: the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220: Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222: We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224: Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228: Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236: Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238: Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240: Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
Page 241 and 242: Biomass Regression analyses relatin
Page 243 and 244: SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
Page 245 and 246: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
Page 247 and 248: Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
Page 249 and 250: Leaf and stem components of the shr
Page 251 and 252: APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254: INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256: Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
Page 257 and 258: each permanent point) of the clearc
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
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