ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The specific utilization standard has the most influence on residue volumes. On 37 harvest areas that included both clear-cutting and partial cutting, the residual volumes were 14 percent of the total pre-harvest volume in close-utilization units, 26 percent in intermediate-utilization units, and 38 percent in conventional-util ization units (figure 4). The exact standards varied somewhat among study areas5, but, generally, conventional logging required removal of merchantable green sawlogs from trees 9 inches (23 cm) d.b.h., to a 6 inch (15 cm) diameter end. In intermediate-utilization units, merchantable sawlogs, sound dead, and logs from trees down to 5 inches (13 cm) d.b.h., were removed. Close utilization removed virtually a1 1 materials 3 inch (8 cm) diameter and larger. Other research participants studied the amount and kind of material removed from the site compared to those remaining, as a basis for evaluating long-term soil, water, and nutrient regimes. The data we derived from the study areas, cutting units, and sub-treatments is too detailed for inclusion in this paper, but Table 2 provides a summary of the information. Tab1 e 2, --Preharvest and post harvest volume of woody material Harvest Condition Preharvest Postharvest Fines Vol. 3"+ (7.6 cm) Vol . 3"+ (7.6 cm) Conventional utilization 6828 478 261 4 183 10.8 2.4 Close utilization 6548 458 11 93 8 3 9.3 2.1 Partial Cut Conventional util ization 61 47 430 1834 128 7.8 1.7 Close utilization 5373 376 1191 83 6 .I 1.4 Source : Benson and Johns ton (1 974) Benson and Schlieter (in process) 5Benson, Robert E. and Cameron M. Johnston. 1976. Logging residues under different stand and harvesting conditions, Rocky Mountains. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-181, 15 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah 84401.
Depending on the cutting and treatment, 1,200 to 2,000 ftQw acre (84 to 182 m3/ha) of residue remains on the site. On an oven-dry weight basis, this represents 15 to 35 tons per acre (3.4 to 7.8 kg/m2) of material 3 inches (7.6 cm) and larger. Fine material - on the ground prior to harvest and crown components lopped or broken off during harvest - add to another 10 or more tons per acre (2 kg/m2). In the areas where we measured fine material loadings, there is usually about 2 or 4 tons per acre (0.4 to 0.9 kg/m2) on the ground prior to harvest. Harvesting increases by several fold the amount of downed branches, twigs, and foliage. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The data on volumes of residue summarized here are based on utilization practices and standards that were typical when we began our studies about 5 years ago. Since that time substantial progress has been made in residue use, particularly standing dead lodgepole pine for house1 ogs and other products. The total residues generated each year by logging these six principal forest types in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming total 355 million f t 3 (10 million rn3) (figure 5). Another 110 mill ion ft3 (3.1 mill ion m3) of residues are formed from harvesting other forest types. Some of this residue volume is already being utilized, but there is still a large volume of material potentially available. In the past, high cost of recovery and low-value product potential precluded removal , but current trends in the demand and value of wood for fiber and energy are rapidly changing the situation. In the future, more material will be removed from logged areas. RESIDUES FROM SIX MAJOR TYPES (OF, WL,LPP,GF.S. AFI (3. 1 million Ma ) L R E S I DUES FROMr OTHER FOREST TYPES Figure 5.-- Wood residues generated annuaZZy from harvesting {n Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho.
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
Page 3 and 4: USDA Forest Service General Technic
Page 5 and 6: REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
Page 7 and 8: BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
Page 9 and 10: By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
Page 11 and 12: Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
Page 13 and 14: I believe that the future of forest
Page 15 and 16: enewable resource that can be proce
Page 17 and 18: productive capacity. Recent legisla
Page 19 and 20: Much of the research investigating
Page 21 and 22: Six sale area blocks were logged (f
Page 23 and 24: Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
Page 25 and 26: Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
Page 27 and 28: Each of the four cutting units was
Page 29 and 30: A concerted effort was made to coor
Page 31 and 32: oriented toward the basic response
Page 33 and 34: WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
Page 35 and 36: STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
Page 37 and 38: I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
Page 39: Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
Page 43 and 44: MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
Page 45 and 46: I Where: Cs is the concentration at
Page 47 and 48: Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
Page 49 and 50: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
Page 51 and 52: I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
Page 53 and 54: Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
Page 55 and 56: SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
Page 57 and 58: It is logical that if surface tempe
Page 59 and 60: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
Page 61 and 62: Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
Page 63 and 64: At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
Page 65 and 66: surface of unburned and hard-burned
Page 67 and 68: canopy. Light then indirectly cause
Page 69 and 70: Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
Page 71 and 72: Net radiation--the measure of the a
Page 73 and 74: Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
Page 75 and 76: Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
Page 77 and 78: Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
Page 79 and 80: Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
Page 81 and 82: and water use during the growing se
Page 83 and 84: The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
Page 85 and 86: The four residues util i zation tre
Page 87 and 88: RAIN The major precipitation instru
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
Page 91 and 92:
S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
Page 95 and 96:
Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
Page 97 and 98:
SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
Page 99 and 100:
As indicated in figure 11 and appen
Page 101 and 102:
The most consistent difference in w
Page 103 and 104:
MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
Page 105 and 106:
Lowest daily water use occurred at
Page 107 and 108:
6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
Page 109 and 110:
Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix E.--Water use during the g
Page 117 and 118:
One of the most efficient methods o
Page 119 and 120:
Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 121 and 122:
Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
Page 123 and 124:
Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
Page 125 and 126:
' Control Chipped and Picked up and
Page 127 and 128:
One of the least detrimental residu
Page 129 and 130:
INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
Page 131 and 132:
%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
Page 133 and 134:
The silvicul tural treatments appli
Page 135 and 136:
I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
Page 137 and 138:
Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
Page 139 and 140:
create a nitrogen deficiency during
Page 141 and 142:
Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
Page 143 and 144:
National Forest. This paper summari
Page 145 and 146:
UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
Page 147 and 148:
Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
Page 149 and 150:
Weights of typical trees on these t
Page 151 and 152:
pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
Page 153 and 154:
MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
Page 155 and 156:
Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
Page 157 and 158:
Table 6. --Average concentrations o
Page 159 and 160:
sites. Burning then transformed the
Page 161 and 162:
RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
Page 163 and 164:
The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
Page 165 and 166:
Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
Page 167 and 168:
Natural inoculation of residues may
Page 169 and 170:
On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
Page 171 and 172:
Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
Page 173 and 174:
Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
Page 175 and 176:
I Newly formed, small-dimension res
Page 177 and 178:
Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
Page 179 and 180:
MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
Page 181 and 182:
Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
Page 183 and 184:
In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
Page 185 and 186:
Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
Page 187 and 188:
carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
Page 189 and 190:
Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
Page 191 and 192:
Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
Page 193 and 194:
ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
Page 195 and 196:
Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
Page 203 and 204:
Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
Page 205 and 206:
Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
Page 207 and 208:
PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
Page 211 and 212:
Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
Page 213 and 214:
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
Page 215 and 216:
FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
Page 217 and 218:
the soil will retain its ability to
Page 219 and 220:
Since the best quantity of organic
Page 221 and 222:
We can also visualize situations on
Page 223 and 224:
Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226:
INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228:
Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230:
We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232:
The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234:
RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236:
Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238:
Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240:
Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
Page 241 and 242:
Biomass Regression analyses relatin
Page 243 and 244:
SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
Page 245 and 246:
RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
Page 247 and 248:
Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
Page 249 and 250:
Leaf and stem components of the shr
Page 251 and 252:
APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254:
INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
Page 257 and 258:
each permanent point) of the clearc
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
Page 261 and 262:
were not significant. These treatme
Page 263 and 264:
Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
Page 265 and 266:
Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268:
Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
Page 269 and 270:
Table 6. --Germination of conifers
Page 271 and 272:
Survival, growth and form will be m
Page 273 and 274:
Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
Page 275 and 276:
to the amount of residue originally
Page 277 and 278:
As the following tabulation shows,
Page 279 and 280:
Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 281 and 282:
Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284:
.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286:
Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288:
DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290:
EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292:
mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296:
FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298:
I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300:
shelterwood with residues, were sig
Page 301 and 302:
HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310:
Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312:
1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314:
I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316:
the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318:
Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
Page 319 and 320:
POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
Page 321 and 322:
STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324:
GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
Page 325 and 326:
Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
Page 327 and 328:
Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
Page 329 and 330:
0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
Page 331 and 332:
SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
Page 333 and 334:
In the first season or two followin
Page 335 and 336:
LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
Page 337 and 338:
A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
Page 339 and 340:
and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
Page 341 and 342:
Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
Page 343 and 344:
foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
Page 345 and 346:
The large aerial spray programs aga
Page 347 and 348:
Weakened living trees, or trees kil
Page 349 and 350:
Most western pine beetle attacks in
Page 351 and 352:
The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
Page 353 and 354:
Other wood borers. --Several specie
Page 355 and 356:
Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
Page 357 and 358:
The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
Page 359 and 360:
Bark and engraver beetles infesting
Page 361 and 362:
In the northern Rockies, one conife
Page 363 and 364:
management, and not the beetle." If
Page 365 and 366:
investigation regardin controlled b
Page 367 and 368:
WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
Page 369 and 370:
Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
Page 371 and 372:
I Different i nvesti gators have us
Page 373 and 374:
if the forest floor is completely c
Page 375 and 376:
Carabids as biological control agen
Page 377 and 378:
een placed for protection from rode
Page 379 and 380:
with every tree in the stand contin
Page 381 and 382:
Spiders as predators.--Studies have
Page 383 and 384:
At least two studies have been made
Page 385 and 386:
In the long-leaf pine forests in th
Page 387 and 388:
RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
Page 389 and 390:
In the spruce-fir stands infested w
Page 391 and 392:
Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
Page 393 and 394:
plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
Page 395 and 396:
CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
Page 397 and 398:
Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
Page 399 and 400:
Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
Page 401 and 402:
Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
Page 403 and 404:
Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
Page 405 and 406:
Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
Page 407 and 408:
Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
Page 409 and 410:
Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
Page 411 and 412:
Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
Page 413 and 414:
Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
Page 415 and 416:
Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
Page 417 and 418:
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
Page 419 and 420:
INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
Page 421 and 422:
F
Page 423 and 424:
NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
Page 425 and 426:
Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
Page 427 and 428:
F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
Page 429 and 430:
1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
Page 431 and 432:
3. Consider other fire-related fact
Page 433 and 434:
Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
Page 435 and 436:
Important and rapid progress has be
Page 437 and 438:
tlarvested Areas What happened when
Page 439 and 440:
UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
Page 441 and 442:
Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444:
The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446:
f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448:
Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450:
Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452:
Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454:
Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456:
INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458:
CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460:
C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462:
EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464:
I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466:
Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468:
Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470:
forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472:
GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474:
TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476:
Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478:
Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480:
Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482:
TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484:
I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486:
Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488:
L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490:
Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492:
~
Page 493 and 494:
oth offered advice on study site se
Page 495 and 496:
Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
Page 497 and 498:
THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500:
In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502:
ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504:
As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506:
Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508:
understory biomass density, X2 repr
Page 509 and 510:
or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512:
DISCUSSION It is important to note
Page 513 and 514:
LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516:
Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
Page 517 and 518:
themselves, the traditional industr
Page 519 and 520:
highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522:
Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524:
In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526:
Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527:
The Intermountain Station, headquar
show all

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?