ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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RESULTS Planted Planted seedlings survived very well on areas that had been scarified or burned, exceeding 95 percent at 3 years and R7 percent at 5 years (fig. 1). ?!@an- while, their counterparts fared poorly in the residues-removed and chips-spread treatments. A1 though planted seed1 i ngs in the residues-removed treatment were surviving at the rate of over 90 percent at 3 years, they had declined rapidly to 59 percent survival two years 1 ater . Planted seed1 i ngs in the chi ps-spread treatment declined in a similar fashion, dropping from 84 percent survival at 3 years to 49 percent at age 5. YEARS -'*chips Spread Figure 1.- Sumivat of auger-planted 2-year-old Zodqepote pine seedlings under dsfferent residues management methods.
As the following tabulation shows, these declines in survival from age 3 to 5 were at least partially forecast by the percent of seedlings poor in vigor at 3 years : Percentage of trees Percentage mortal i ty poor in vigor at age 3 between ages 3 and 5 Scarified 11 !3 Burned 10 8 Residues removed 46 22 Chips spread 40 3 5 Most of the trees rated poor in vigor at age 3 had died by age 5. Although this vigor rating was subjective, based on overall seedling appearance, it proved fairly accurate in forecasting survival rates for the next 2 years. In addition to surviving at different rates, planted seedlings grew most on scarified and burned areas and 1 east an resi dues-removed and chips-spread areas (fig. 2). As shown, height differences already ap~arent at age 3 were even more ~ronounced at age 5, Height ratios of trees on the different treatments remained about the same, but absolute differences between treatments were sti 11 widening. Figure 2. -- Height developmen-b of auger-pZanted 2-year-old Zodgepole pine seedlings under different residues managmerzt methods.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
Page 227 and 228: Because of cool, wet weather in 197
Page 229 and 230: We determined volume and cover usin
Page 231 and 232: The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
Page 233 and 234: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
Page 235 and 236: Overall shrub recovery rates do not
Page 237 and 238: Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
Page 239 and 240: Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
Page 241 and 242: Biomass Regression analyses relatin
Page 243 and 244: SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
Page 245 and 246: RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
Page 247 and 248: Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
Page 249 and 250: Leaf and stem components of the shr
Page 251 and 252: APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
Page 253 and 254: INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
Page 255 and 256: Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
Page 257 and 258: each permanent point) of the clearc
Page 259 and 260: Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
Page 261 and 262: were not significant. These treatme
Page 263 and 264: Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
Page 265 and 266: Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
Page 267 and 268: Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
Page 269 and 270: Table 6. --Germination of conifers
Page 271 and 272: Survival, growth and form will be m
Page 273 and 274: Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
Page 275: to the amount of residue originally
Page 279 and 280: Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
Page 281 and 282: Natural Regeneration Natural regene
Page 283 and 284: .4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
Page 285 and 286: Interestingly, the high phenol leve
Page 287 and 288: DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
Page 289 and 290: EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Page 291 and 292: mountain pine beetle. These two for
Page 293 and 294: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
Page 295 and 296: FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
Page 297 and 298: I Many of the groups were trapped v
Page 299 and 300: shelterwood with residues, were sig
Page 301 and 302: HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
Page 307 and 308: indicate a treatment effect of burn
Page 309 and 310: Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
Page 311 and 312: 1 equally abundant in all treatment
Page 313 and 314: I not seem to be directly caused by
Page 315 and 316: the undisturbed forests. Some resea
Page 317 and 318: Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
Page 319 and 320: POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
Page 321 and 322: STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
Page 323 and 324: GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
Page 325 and 326: Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
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The primary reason for this discrep
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f n contrast to displaced bears, so
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Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
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Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
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Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
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Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
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INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
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CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
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C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
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EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
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I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
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Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
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Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
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forests are cavity nesters. They ar
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GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
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TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
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Censuses Censuses for all species (
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Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
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Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
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TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
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I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
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Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
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L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
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Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
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~
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oth offered advice on study site se
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Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker B
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THE SITUATION Forest land managers
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In the descriptive approach, howeve
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ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
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As has already been stated, the for
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Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
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understory biomass density, X2 repr
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or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
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DISCUSSION It is important to note
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LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
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Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
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themselves, the traditional industr
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highways. Of course, all roads are
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Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
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In the future we will see our const
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Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
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The Intermountain Station, headquar
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