ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES in rocky mountain coniferous ...

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McMichael, M. 1975. 5D wood: a viable resource from the unused part of the forest. West. Wildlands Z(2): 12-1 5. Munger, G. P. 1974. Breeding bird diversity in Douglas-f ir stands of western Montana as related to forest structure. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Mont., Missoula. 51 p. Titterington, R.W., H.S. Crawford, and B.N. Burgason. 1979. Songbird responses to commercial clearcutting in Maine spruce-fir forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 43(3): 602-609. Wiens, J.A. 1978. Nongame bird communities in northwestern coniferous forests. p. 19-31 In Proceedings of the Workshop on nongame bird habitat management in the coniferousforests of the western United States. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-64. Pacific NW For. and Rge. Exp. Sta. Portland, OR. Wright, K. and G. Harvey. 1967. The deteriorat ion of beetle-killed Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington. US For. Serv . Res. Paper. PNW-50. TABLE 13. Common and Scientific Names Trees Western 1 arch Ponderosa pine Lodgepole pine Whi tebark pine Limber pine Douglas-fir Subalpine fir Grand fir Engelmann spruce Western hem1 oc k Western redcedar Aspen Paper birch Black cottonwood Birds Goldeneye sp . Osprey Cooper's Hawk American Kestrel Blue Grouse Spruce Grouse Saw-whet Owl Rufous Hummingbird Common Fl icker Pileated Woodpecker Lewis ' Woodpecker Ye1 low-be1 1 i ed Sapsucker W i 11 iamson ' s Sapsucker APPENDIX Larix occiden tnZis Pinus punder~osa Pinus contorta Pinus a2birrzuZ-l~ Pinus flexilis Pseudotsuga rnenziesii Ah$es ZasCoca~pa Abies grandis Ficea engeZmannii Tsuga heterophy ZZn Thu ja p licata Populus tremu loides BetuZa pnpyrifera PopuZus tr~ichocarpa Rucepha la sp . Pandion ha Ziam tus Accipiter cooperii FmZco sparuerim Uendragapus obscurus Canachites crznrzd~n.sis Aego 1 ius acudicus Se Lasphorus rufus Co lap Les auratus Uryocopus pi leatus MeZanerpes Lewis :;phyrapicus var+us Sphyrapicus thy-ro-i-deus
Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Bl ac k-bac ked Three-toed Woodpecker Northern Three-toed Woodpecker 01 ive-sided Flycatcher Tree Swal low Gray Jay Common Raven Blac k-capped Chickadee Mountain Chickadee Chestnut-backed Chickadee Red-breasted Nuthatch Brown Creeper House Wren Winter Wren Robin Varied Thrush Swainson's Thrush Mountain Bluebird Golden-crowned Kinglet Ruby-crowned King1 et Sol i tary Vireo Warbl ing Vireo Orange-crowned Warbler Ye1 low-rumped Warbler Townsend ' s Warbl er MacGillivrayls Warbler W i 1 son ' s Warbl er Western Tanager Black- headed Grosbeak Pine Grosbeak Pine Siskin Dar k-eyed Junco Chipping Sparrow Picoide:: vf I Zosus Picoides pub~scens P{coCdes nrcticus Ficoides tridacty Zus Nut t:aZ Lornis boreaZis Iridoprocne bico lor Perisoreus canadensis Corvus corax Pams atricrxpi I Zus Parus gambe Z i Parus ru fescens Sitta canadensis Certhia familiaris TrogZodytes aedon Troglodytes trogZodytes Turdus migratorius Ixoreus naevius Hy ZocichZa: ustulata SiaZia currucoides ReguZus satrap ReguZus ca Zendu la Vireo solikarius Vireo giZvus Vermivora ce Zata Dendro ica auduboni Dendroica tomsendi Qorornis to Zmiei lu'i Zsonia pusi 2 Za Piranga Zudoviciana Pheucticus rneZanocephaZus Pinico La enucleator Spinus pinus Junco oreganus SpizeZZa passerina
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TIMBE
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USDA Forest Service General Technic
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REW 'ORD One of the pressing proble
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Biological
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By the mid-1 960's the apparently u
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Scientist, audience: "The Three-Mil
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I believe that the future of forest
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enewable resource that can be proce
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productive capacity. Recent legisla
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Much of the research investigating
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Six sale area blocks were logged (f
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Understory Removal Figure 4.--Eccpe
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Gentle slopes and easy access to cu
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Each of the four cutting units was
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A concerted effort was made to coor
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oriented toward the basic response
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WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTHERN ROCKY MO
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STANDING, 3 " 1 DIA. ? (GREEN & DEA
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I 11 Table 1,--Volume of wood by co
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Small material under 3 inch (7.6 cm
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Depending on the cutting and treatm
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MICROENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HARV
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I Where: Cs is the concentration at
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Figure I.-- Residue treatments used
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE INFLUENCES R
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I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JAN. FEB. M
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Sensible heat flux, evaporative flu
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SOLO, 1977- 78 UNCUT CUT Mean max.
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It is logical that if surface tempe
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0 - 5 - 10 - 15 20 - Chips - Clrare
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Brown, crumbly, decayed material (B
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At Coram, steep harvested slopes ha
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surface of unburned and hard-burned
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canopy. Light then indirectly cause
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Moisture Moisture is frequently ide
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Net radiation--the measure of the a
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Table 5.--Possible solutions for po
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Cochran, P. H. 1969. Thermal proper
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Lommen, P. W., Cr, R. Schwintzer, C
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Stark, Nel 1 ie. 1980. The impacts
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and water use during the growing se
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The main study site (fig. 1) occupi
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The four residues util i zation tre
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RAIN The major precipitation instru
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Figure 5.--SG,L. wuwr zc)as measure
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S treamf 1 ow A &foot H-flume was i
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Figure 7.--Snow water equivalent on
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Soi 1 Water Water present in the so
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENTS Si 1 vicul
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As indicated in figure 11 and appen
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The most consistent difference in w
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MEAN CONSUMPTIVE USE -ALL YEARS (19
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Lowest daily water use occurred at
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6. Water use began in Apri 1 , acce
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Klages, M. G., R. C. McConnell , an
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APPENDICES Appendix A.--Hydrograph
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Appendix C.--Rainfall reaching the
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Appendix E.--Water use during the g
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One of the most efficient methods o
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chapped Picked up Broadcast
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Control Chipped Picked up Broadcast
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' Control Chipped and Picked up and
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One of the least detrimental residu
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INTRODUCTION In the early days, the
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%pire 1.--Measured concentrations (
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The silvicul tural treatments appli
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I 2 Table 2. --Percent of total qua
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Unmerchantable TOP Shrubs Lower Cro
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create a nitrogen deficiency during
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Steele, R. W. 1975. Understory burn
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National Forest. This paper summari
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UNIT 2 CONVENT IONALLY Du Bois, Wyo
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Trees Figures 3 and 4 show the oven
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Weights of typical trees on these t
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pi1 ed-burned treatments were lowes
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MINERAL SOIL Total nutrient content
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Tab1 e 5. --Concentrations of avai
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Table 6. --Average concentrations o
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sites. Burning then transformed the
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RESIDUE DECAY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIA
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The hardwood or angiospermous timbe
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Woody Substrates Gyrnnospermsr (Int
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Natural inoculation of residues may
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On the Coram site, brown-rot fungi
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Table 2.--Probability (P) of encoun
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Recognizable brown-cubical decayed
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I Newly formed, small-dimension res
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Highley, T. L. 1976. Hemicellulases
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MICROBIAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH
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Nonsymbiotic N Fixation Free-1 ivin
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In a previous paper (Jurgensen and
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Symbiotic N Fixation The establishm
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carbon and NHq (Ahlgren, 1974). Mic
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Prescribed f~re CLEARCUT - BURN CLE
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Hungerford, R.9. 1980. Microenvi ro
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ECOLOGY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN NORTH
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Coram - Subalpine fir Site (ABLAICL
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Figure 2.-- ReZative yield capabiZi
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Figure 5. -- Percentage of soCZ-woo
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Figure 9,-- Percentage of toid ectm
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Effect of Soil Components on Ectomy
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Effect of Organic Matter Quantity o
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PARTIAL CUT Effect of Harvesting on
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Figure 20. -- Average nwnbers of ac
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Gijbl , F. 1967. Mykorrhizauntersuc
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BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Initial cha
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FOREST SOIL BIOLOGY The act of incr
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the soil will retain its ability to
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Since the best quantity of organic
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We can also visualize situations on
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Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgensen, and
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INTRODUCTION Vegetation integrates
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Because of cool, wet weather in 197
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We determined volume and cover usin
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The stems were divided at 4 mm (0.1
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS As descr
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Overall shrub recovery rates do not
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Rose behaved similar to ninebark (f
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Meanwhile, small shrub cover change
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Biomass Regression analyses relatin
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SILVICULTURE TREATMENT EFFECTS Harv
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RESIDUES TREATMENT EFFECTS Major sh
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Lesser vegetation--herbs and small
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Leaf and stem components of the shr
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APPENDIX I Trees and shrubs found o
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INTRODUCTION Many western larch (La
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Figure 2. --Lower cutting blocks on
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each permanent point) of the clearc
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Figure 3.--Marking gemination and c
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were not significant. These treatme
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Tab1 e 2. --Fi 11 ed conifer seed (
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Dispersal of sound seed on the uppe
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Table $.--Number of 3- and 5-year-o
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Table 6. --Germination of conifers
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Survival, growth and form will be m
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Es tab1 ishment and Initial Develop
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to the amount of residue originally
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As the following tabulation shows,
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Soot-Seeded Broadcast burning, and
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Natural Regeneration Natural regene
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.4s shown in fig. 5, vegetation was
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Interestingly, the high phenol leve
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DeByle, Norbert V. 1980. Harvesting
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EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES,
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mountain pine beetle. These two for
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL SHELTERW
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FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES To
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I Many of the groups were trapped v
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shelterwood with residues, were sig
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HARVESTING AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT T
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indicate a treatment effect of burn
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Undisturbed Forest .". . . . Clearc
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1 equally abundant in all treatment
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I not seem to be directly caused by
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the undisturbed forests. Some resea
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Huhta, V., E. Karppinen, M. Nurmine
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POPULATIONS OF SOME FOREST LITTER,
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STUDY DESIGN The study area is loca
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GROUP SELECTION 22 CONTROL '... . .
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Sampling in 1977 was restricted to
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Table 1 .--Mean total mesofauna pop
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0 - (JUNE) from S helterwood (AUGUS
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SHELTERWOOD--RESIDUE BURNED The eff
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In the first season or two followin
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LITERATURE CITED Ahlgren, I. F. 197
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A REVIEW OF SOME INTERACTIONS BETWE
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and Keen 1960; Felix and others 197
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Pissodes strobi Peck, In a thinned
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foresters feel as though "It's 1 i
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The large aerial spray programs aga
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Weakened living trees, or trees kil
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Most western pine beetle attacks in
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The galleries, or mines, of wood bo
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Other wood borers. --Several specie
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Deterioration of spruce (Picea a. )
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The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
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Bark and engraver beetles infesting
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In the northern Rockies, one conife
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management, and not the beetle." If
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investigation regardin controlled b
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WOOD BORERS Mitchell and Martin (In
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Still, by 1938, there was a feeling
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I Different i nvesti gators have us
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if the forest floor is completely c
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Carabids as biological control agen
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een placed for protection from rode
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with every tree in the stand contin
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Spiders as predators.--Studies have
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At least two studies have been made
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In the long-leaf pine forests in th
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RESIDUES, FIRES, INSECTS, AND FORES
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In the spruce-fir stands infested w
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Recently, Senator John Me1 cher (Mo
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plans. Since fire, too, is a decomp
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CHANGING FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS Ins
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Basham, J. T. 1957. The deteriorati
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Cole, D. M. 1978. Feasibility of si
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Fellin, D. G. and P. C. Johnson. 19
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Graham, S. A. 1922. Some entomoloqi
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Huhta, V., M. Nurminen and A. Valpa
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Lawrence, W. H. and 3. H. Rediske.
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Miller, J. M. and J. E. Patterson.
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Rice, L * A. 1932. The effect of fi
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Stoddard, H. L. Sr. 1963. Bird habi
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Weaver, Harol d. 1951. Fire as an e
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Th
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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND RESIDUE
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F
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NEAR COMPLETE Figure 2.--Byrmnts f
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Figure 3.-- Bymrmrs fireZine intens
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F5qure 4. --Byramrs fireZ-Cne inten
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1. Nomographs of Rate of Spread, Fi
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3. Consider other fire-related fact
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Puckett, John V., Cameron M. Johnst
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Important and rapid progress has be
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tlarvested Areas What happened when
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UNCUT SHELTERWOOD Protect understor
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Initially the areas are rated low.
Page 443 and 444: The primary reason for this discrep
Page 445 and 446: f n contrast to displaced bears, so
Page 447 and 448: Quantitative data on grizzly behavi
Page 449 and 450: Asherin, Duane A. 1976. Changes in
Page 451 and 452: Leege, Thomas A. 1969. Burning sera
Page 453 and 454: Reynolds, Hudson G. 1969. Aspen gro
Page 455 and 456: INFLUENCES OF HARVESTING AND RESIDU
Page 457 and 458: CLEARCUT LOGGING & COMPLETE BURN DE
Page 459 and 460: C LEARCUT LOGGING & BROADCAST BURN
Page 461 and 462: EFFECTS OF SMALL MAMMALS ON FOREST
Page 463 and 464: I I Habitat Manipulation Small mamm
Page 465 and 466: Fala, Robert A. 1975. Effects of pr
Page 467 and 468: Tevis, Lloyd Jr. l956b. Pocket goph
Page 469 and 470: forests are cavity nesters. They ar
Page 471 and 472: GROUP SELECTION: A1 1 merchantab le
Page 473 and 474: TABLE 3. Pre- and post-logging volu
Page 475 and 476: Censuses Censuses for all species (
Page 477 and 478: Fbgure 6.-- Lightn
Page 479 and 480: Pileated Woodpeckers on the CEF nes
Page 481 and 482: TABLE 7. Percent of sampling time t
Page 483 and 484: I Observed woodpecker feeding Down,
Page 485 and 486: Table 9 shows feeding time in the l
Page 487 and 488: L c - 10- ul 2 0 8- 6 - 4 2 - - 0 .
Page 489 and 490: Figure 15. -- A Hairy Woodpecker ne
Page 491 and 492: ~
Page 493: oth offered advice on study site se
Page 497 and 498: THE SITUATION Forest land managers
Page 499 and 500: In the descriptive approach, howeve
Page 501 and 502: ORGANIZING INFORMATION One differen
Page 503 and 504: As has already been stated, the for
Page 505 and 506: Figure 7.--Matrix of interactions b
Page 507 and 508: understory biomass density, X2 repr
Page 509 and 510: or, by rearrangement, AX. I afi Ax,
Page 511 and 512: DISCUSSION It is important to note
Page 513 and 514: LITERATURE CITED Billings, W. D. 19
Page 515 and 516: Richard T. Wick Burlington Northern
Page 517 and 518: themselves, the traditional industr
Page 519 and 520: highways. Of course, all roads are
Page 521 and 522: Darrel L. Kenops District Ranger US
Page 523 and 524: In the future we will see our const
Page 525 and 526: Lyon, L. Jack, Project Leader, Ecol
Page 527: The Intermountain Station, headquar
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