Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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B: Distribution of labor Total No. of holdings Total population Landholders %ge Subtenants %ge Agr. labourers %ge Others %ge 23220 357142 5762 2 34441 10 72824 20 244115 68 C: Food grain production in representative years Paddy maize Ragi Samai Horse gram Other pulses Gingelly Other seeds Miscella neous Total Area cropped more then once Total area cultivated 107070 53 4589 6436 504 1603 7724 509 92372 220860 47988 172872 D: Agricultural stock Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls& Heifers Under 4years She- buffaloes Young buffaloes Sheep &goats Horses &poneys Mules &donkeys carts ploughs boats 57175 6950 37339 37187 3875 1616 21723 97 13 1026 31192 714 Source: Statistics of Malabar, 1906; Kerala State Archives, Calicut The above information shows that only less than half of the arable area in Eranad was occupied and cultivated. Out of the total population of the Taluk, only 2% held almost all the lands cultivated, and about thirty percent were either tenants or laborers. It should be noted that a substantial part of the population classified as ‘others’ were dependents on the occupational groups. For example, for the entire Malabar District 1901 Census demonstrated that only46.6% of the population actually labored and the rest were dependents. In the case of the predominantly agricultural Ernad, the number of agricultural population including the dependents is likely to be more than the District average of 62.2%. This means that the entire working population other than agriculture including dependents is likely to be about one-third of the total population. The figures on cultivation and the livestock again show the agrarian character of the Eranad society. This only shows that trade and industrial activities only remained secondary, and it was
the great disparities in the agrarian economy that was central to the social formation of the region. These disparities appear to have been aggravated by the two famines reported in the region during 1865-6 and 1876-8. One more feature of the social configuration is also important. As we have seen, about half of the population was already Muslims during the beginning of 19 th century. Population figures towards the 19 th century demonstrate the following composition: Table XXXI Village Olakara Tirukulam Parappanangadi Neduva Vallikkunnu Thenhippalam Munniyur Nannambra Area in acres 5005 3895 745 3918 4234 9077 7680 4552 Households 1179 1744 775 1119 1382 1809 520 1681 Total Hindus 2134 1969 1131 4092 5594 5792 2592 2895 Brahmans 2 1 - 49 51 25 14 27 Kshatriyas - - - 2 - - - - Chettis - 5 8 3 - - - - Vellalas (Nayars) 262 459 112 913 1238 1366 543 624 Other forward 35 26 11 138 155 202 - 25 castes Idaiyar - - - - - - - Kammalas 159 198 14 282 195 263 120 250 Kanakkan - - - - - - - - Kaikkolan 5 6 - 295 26 32 11 4- Vanian 51 41 -- 16 46 326 1 -- Karuvan - - - - - 24 - - Satani - - - - - 3 - - Sembadavan - 41 - - - - - - Shanan 662 541 942 1754 2915 1932 1330 1029 (thiyya) Ambattan 9 - - 18 23 52 10 - Vannan 106 53 18 115 76 227 27 95 Others 8 - - - 44 7 - - Pariah 835 599 20 507 830 1291 536 841 Mappila 3573 6349 1658 1786 1391 3062 298 5630 Arabis - - - - - - - - Sheik - - - 4 - - 22 - Syed - 18 5 - 5 - - - Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohammedans - - 1031 8 367 - - 9 Total Muslim 3573 6367 2694 1799 1763 3062 320 5639 Source: Census of 1871; Kerala State Archives, Calicut These figures show interesting features. They show that the number of forward castes is comparatively less in most of the areas and form only a small minority of the population. A rearrangement of the above table will bring out another crucial feature of the region.
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
Page 115 and 116: Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
Page 117 and 118: The response to education and healt
Page 119 and 120: they are able to do it, is another
Page 121 and 122: enthusiasm was not shown by middle
Page 123 and 124: Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
Page 125 and 126: kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
Page 127 and 128: field area. There are kalapoottu ka
Page 129 and 130: eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
Page 131 and 132: IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
Page 133 and 134: (randuteru) and Chelari as examples
Page 135 and 136: However, the first indication a pol
Page 137 and 138: Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
Page 139 and 140: included families such as kizhakkin
Page 141 and 142: conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
Page 143 and 144: areas show the presence of the Naha
Page 145 and 146: mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
Page 147 and 148: appears to have been relatively les
Page 149 and 150: They were settlements of cultivator
Page 151 and 152: The British army was led by Col.Har
Page 153 and 154: distances, are too numerous to be d
Page 155 and 156: the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
Page 157 and 158: to the landlord was only possible o
Page 159 and 160: e replaced by other cash crops prim
Page 161 and 162: there was no effort to convert them
Page 163 and 164: are extensively cultivated. The ele
Page 165: these privileges were used against
Page 169 and 170: Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
Page 171 and 172: upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
Page 173 and 174: in Parappanangadi held most of the
Page 175 and 176: Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
Page 177 and 178: centre. Along with the mosques, the
Page 179 and 180: British as the most dangerous to th
Page 181 and 182: emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
Page 183 and 184: carried off the bodies and buried t
Page 185 and 186: autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
Page 187 and 188: one. The Thangals were seen as the
Page 189 and 190: open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
Page 191 and 192: The railroad also brought about cha
Page 193 and 194: logged areas. Old working women als
Page 195 and 196: Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
Page 197 and 198: Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
Page 199 and 200: It is not surprising that the repre
Page 201 and 202: escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
Page 203 and 204: widespread in the region. We should
Page 205 and 206: cooperation movement and the subseq
Page 207 and 208: Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
Page 209 and 210: Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
Page 211 and 212: The information given above can now
Page 213 and 214: Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
Page 215 and 216: cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
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Kaprat family has left the place, a
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The data given in table LV shows th
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Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
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their labor resources in the area w
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like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
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egan to be used, primary because
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problems in continuing as farmers,
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the gradual spread of rented holdin
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animal husbandry of this kind has r
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So it is clear that although land r
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stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
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are prepared to spend on the work.
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number of computer institutes. Lite
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Major section Domestic Agricultural
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programme called Akshaya project, w
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and an ordinary housewife to have a
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The growth of the religious space h
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who are more educated, as the passp
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migrations to different parts of In
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scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
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was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
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Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
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also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
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Village Manufacturing household Oth
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Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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