Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

The railroad also brought about changes in the nature of in-migration and out-migration
of the people. When Sayyid Fasl and his family migrated to West Asia, he took the ship
from Calicut. The sea route was the only route available to travelers to other parts of the
world. The same route seems to have been used by migrants to Ceylon also. With the
coming of the railroad, travel to Madras became easier and from Madras people reached
places like Rangoon, Singapore and Malaya. Another route was through Mangalore.
Once people reached Mangalore it was possible to go to different parts of Karnataka and
Maharashtra up to Bombay. Such migrations rapidly increased during early 20 th century.
During the second half of 19 th century, there was an effort to transform the form of
education given through Othupallis. During 1871-2, there was an initial effort to use the
Mullas of the Othupallis to give elementary instruction in vernacular language. But that
experiment did not succeed. After the formation of Malabar district board in1884, District
board schools came into being. One such school was set up at Ariyallur, which exists
even today as a Government UP school. There were Board Schools for Mappilas as well
as Hindus in Vallikkunnu founded in 1920, besides a labor school. Schools started
coming up gradually by the beginning of 20 th century. Basel Evangelical Mission set up a
school in Parappanangadi in 1904, and Government Upper primary schools were set up
immediately after. In Koyappa Desam, an old Ezhuthupalli was converted into a primary
school in 1915. In Munniyur, a school was set up in Mannaraparamba In 1921.Soon after
Malabar rebellion, one of the rebels who was arrested and released, named Marakkar
Musaliar started an Othupalli which was converted into a school. At first there was
reticence among the people to send their children to schools. The primary reason seems
to be that people were not convinced of the relevance of sending their children to schools.
Oral testimonies by retired teachers point to the difficulties that they experienced for
getting children to attend school. The system of Mappila schools also developed after the