Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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a) The geographical features of the Tirurangadi region have played a major role in the making of the livelihood patterns of the region. The geography is characterized by undulating terrain with uplands, slopes and low lying regions and the Kadalundi River, flowing across the region has played a major role in the making of livelihood. Agriculture in the region was a matter of hard labor, and it involved both land and water management. Large part of the wetlands and parambas were controlled by a few landlords. b) Proximity to the coast, the use of Kadalundi River as a means of transport and the existence of coastal ports of trade such as Calicut also promoted trade and commerce in the region. Although the region could not produce enough surplus to support large political powers, it could facilitate local trade. Trade and cultivation along the River also facilitated expansion of settlements in the area. c) British rule exacerbated the contradiction between the already existing landlords and small cultivators and laborers. The British rule legally supported the rights of the landlords, introduced their own administrative mechanisms, and also were probably instrumental in creating the antagonism between nayars and Muslims. The conditions of social and economic oppression resulted in social conflict, which also took the form of anti-British revolts. d) The decline of landlordism was a result of the widespread upheaval that took place all over Kerala, which had its impact in the region also. This created an economy of small holders, who were made to face the difficulties of sustaining themselves and satisfying the needs created by the livelihood patterns created by a capitalist civilisation. Thus increasing costs of living necessitated a corresponding increase in productivity that would be sustained by remunerative prices of agricultural products, but this did not take place. The farmers were also burdened by the increasing wages of workers and the shortage of skilled agricultural labor, and most of them never used their household labor for agricultural production. This resulted in the decline of agriculture in the region, and both the landholders and workers have looked other livelihood patterns such as Going to Gulf, commerce, construction and other modes of accumulating money. However, this has not resulted in the establishment of any major industry in the area. e) The commercial consumerist economy sustained by gulf remittances and the creation of lifestyle and tastes that would sustain commerce came into being. The faith in the market has also created a corresponding increase of religious faith, and a combination of these two has determined the cultural practice of the people in the region. All these naturally raise the question of the future. At present a future based on agricultural production seems to be out of question, at least for a large number of people in the area. Either they do not consider it a safe option in the light of their own experience, or they are not equipped for it. No other alternative, apart from a continuation of the present mode of sustenance, with its quota of pleasures and uncertainties has emerged. However, any attempt at a long term planning for the future cannot ignore the importance of production based strategies that has sustained the livelihood patterns in the region from a historical and human geographical perspective.
. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. History of the Field Work done by the Research Team 14 III Walking Tirurangadi 27 IV Historical and Cultural Setting of Tirurangadi 127 V Contemporary Issues 299 VI Conclusion and Major Findings 344
Page 1 and 2: Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
Page 3 and 4: karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
Page 5 and 6: Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
Page 7: Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
Page 11 and 12: XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
Page 13 and 14: Socio-cultural processes and liveli
Page 15 and 16: particularly in rural areas like Ti
Page 17 and 18: Table II Population of Tirurangadi
Page 19 and 20: All these show that the tendencies
Page 21 and 22: as built environment by some geogra
Page 23 and 24: way seems to be to take the hard, b
Page 25 and 26: II History of the field work done b
Page 27 and 28: Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
Page 29 and 30: cultural artifacts also, such as ar
Page 31 and 32: and one is controlled by the LDF. T
Page 33 and 34: The research team had decided that
Page 35 and 36: of the survey. Since it was a sampl
Page 37 and 38: Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
Page 39 and 40: identify some features of naming. N
Page 41 and 42: Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
Page 43 and 44: Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
Page 45 and 46: Transformation of the pristine para
Page 47 and 48: As an illustration of this process,
Page 49 and 50: pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
Page 51 and 52: Perunthodu have suffered the same f
Page 53 and 54: Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
Page 55 and 56: The transformation is illustrated b
Page 57 and 58: have been traditionally used for im
Page 59 and 60:
one or two features of the observat
Page 61 and 62:
Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
Page 63 and 64:
The situation is different in the l
Page 65 and 66:
such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
Page 67 and 68:
cleared) and old house- sites, such
Page 69 and 70:
Apart from the large trees, a numbe
Page 71 and 72:
Added to this is the change occurri
Page 73 and 74:
stop, school, and so on. In an agra
Page 75 and 76:
house-sites. Interestingly a large
Page 77 and 78:
members of the family stay in the o
Page 79 and 80:
an all-inclusive structure with res
Page 81 and 82:
The implications of this rapidly sp
Page 83 and 84:
Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
Page 85 and 86:
Market centers Observations on the
Page 87 and 88:
Panchayat Placename Market centre f
Page 89 and 90:
Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
Page 91 and 92:
flourished even a generation before
Page 93 and 94:
has been a major transformation in
Page 95 and 96:
The equally important feature is th
Page 97 and 98:
karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
Page 99 and 100:
Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
Page 101 and 102:
Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
Page 103 and 104:
with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
Page 105 and 106:
y the early half of 19 th century,
Page 107 and 108:
shops being brought down within a f
Page 109 and 110:
Larger temples are fewer in number
Page 111 and 112:
possibly the sea could enter and wo
Page 113 and 114:
Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
Page 115 and 116:
Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
Page 117 and 118:
The response to education and healt
Page 119 and 120:
they are able to do it, is another
Page 121 and 122:
enthusiasm was not shown by middle
Page 123 and 124:
Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
Page 125 and 126:
kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
Page 127 and 128:
field area. There are kalapoottu ka
Page 129 and 130:
eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
Page 131 and 132:
IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
Page 133 and 134:
(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
Page 135 and 136:
However, the first indication a pol
Page 137 and 138:
Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
Page 139 and 140:
included families such as kizhakkin
Page 141 and 142:
conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
Page 143 and 144:
areas show the presence of the Naha
Page 145 and 146:
mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
Page 147 and 148:
appears to have been relatively les
Page 149 and 150:
They were settlements of cultivator
Page 151 and 152:
The British army was led by Col.Har
Page 153 and 154:
distances, are too numerous to be d
Page 155 and 156:
the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
Page 157 and 158:
to the landlord was only possible o
Page 159 and 160:
e replaced by other cash crops prim
Page 161 and 162:
there was no effort to convert them
Page 163 and 164:
are extensively cultivated. The ele
Page 165 and 166:
these privileges were used against
Page 167 and 168:
the great disparities in the agrari
Page 169 and 170:
Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
Page 171 and 172:
upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
Page 173 and 174:
in Parappanangadi held most of the
Page 175 and 176:
Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
Page 177 and 178:
centre. Along with the mosques, the
Page 179 and 180:
British as the most dangerous to th
Page 181 and 182:
emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
Page 183 and 184:
carried off the bodies and buried t
Page 185 and 186:
autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
Page 187 and 188:
one. The Thangals were seen as the
Page 189 and 190:
open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
Page 191 and 192:
The railroad also brought about cha
Page 193 and 194:
logged areas. Old working women als
Page 195 and 196:
Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
Page 197 and 198:
Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
Page 199 and 200:
It is not surprising that the repre
Page 201 and 202:
escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
Page 203 and 204:
widespread in the region. We should
Page 205 and 206:
cooperation movement and the subseq
Page 207 and 208:
Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
Page 209 and 210:
Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
Page 211 and 212:
The information given above can now
Page 213 and 214:
Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
Page 215 and 216:
cultivation which does not require
Page 217 and 218:
In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
Page 219 and 220:
away from their homes. They were al
Page 221 and 222:
opening of a number of ‘Mappila
Page 223 and 224:
eligious instruction apart from lea
Page 225 and 226:
profile of the people they were dea
Page 227 and 228:
Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
Page 229 and 230:
job of burying the corpses. The inf
Page 231 and 232:
second the emergence of he Muslim l
Page 233 and 234:
The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
Page 235 and 236:
people were the most manifest. Afte
Page 237 and 238:
indication of this is shown by the
Page 239 and 240:
in favor of a compromise with the d
Page 241 and 242:
egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
Page 243 and 244:
Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
Page 245 and 246:
Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
Page 247 and 248:
others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
Page 249 and 250:
Kaprat family has left the place, a
Page 251 and 252:
The data given in table LV shows th
Page 253 and 254:
Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
Page 255 and 256:
their labor resources in the area w
Page 257 and 258:
like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
Page 259 and 260:
egan to be used, primary because
Page 261 and 262:
problems in continuing as farmers,
Page 263 and 264:
the gradual spread of rented holdin
Page 265 and 266:
animal husbandry of this kind has r
Page 267 and 268:
So it is clear that although land r
Page 269 and 270:
stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
Page 271 and 272:
are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274:
number of computer institutes. Lite
Page 275 and 276:
Major section Domestic Agricultural
Page 277 and 278:
programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280:
and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282:
The growth of the religious space h
Page 283 and 284:
who are more educated, as the passp
Page 285 and 286:
migrations to different parts of In
Page 287 and 288:
scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
Page 289 and 290:
was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292:
Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
Page 293 and 294:
also available. A more detailed wat
Page 295 and 296:
higher than either Bharatapuzha or
Page 297 and 298:
hence are rendered useless. The rai
Page 299 and 300:
Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
Page 301 and 302:
Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
Page 303 and 304:
Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
Page 305 and 306:
sustained them. This destruction of
Page 307 and 308:
subsist in the area of servicing. E
Page 309 and 310:
the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
Page 311 and 312:
The trends seem to be clear. The de
Page 313 and 314:
Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
Page 315 and 316:
determined by the floating middle c
Page 317 and 318:
consumerist tendency outlined above
Page 319 and 320:
deprived sections favor the surviva
Page 321 and 322:
already saw that majority of the su
Page 323 and 324:
never create a system of production
Page 325 and 326:
alternative to be developed will be
Page 327 and 328:
planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
Page 329 and 330:
the planning of wetlands should con
Page 331 and 332:
women, it is possible to argue that
Page 333 and 334:
laboring groups become the central
Page 335 and 336:
experimented during the People’s
Page 337 and 338:
VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
Page 339 and 340:
Religious faith thus complements th
Page 341 and 342:
Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
Page 343 and 344:
Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
Page 345 and 346:
I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348:
Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350:
Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
Page 351:
Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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