Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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indicated that the chief crop was classified while taking the extent of land. Nonetheless, the transformation that Tirurangadi region has undergone is clear. There has been substantial reduction of the paddy fields, and areas growing jack, mango and other timber trees. Most of the other grains oil seeds, and pulses and even vegetables have disappeared and new species like tapioca and cashew have appeared. Coconut and areca nut have survived as cash crops, and most of the paramba crops are also cash crops. The figures do not demonstrate the extent of mono-cultural production, which can be clearly seen in the transformed lands, and also in many Parambas throughout the area. The transformation into mono-cultural gardens is destroying the earlier distinction into vayal, paramba, and purayidam. The distinction was based on an understanding of the productive capacities of the environment, and appreciation of the biodiversity and potentialities of production and the nature of the topography. The present tendency to concentrate on commodities that fetch a price in the market has changed the parameters of land utilization. The increase of alienation and sale of land has meant that any land with the minimum facilities could be transformed into sites for commodity production. This has meant that those who own a paddy field would transform the field into a garden land, and those who own a paramba would remove all the trees there to develop it into a garden or build a shopping complex. As pointed out earlier, this means that low-lying land with riverside alluvial soil, ideal for food grain cultivation is transformed into coconut gardens, which destroys the very possibility of the entire area being converted back into a paddy field. The concept of the paramba as a mini-ecosystem that would sustain the minimum needs of the people is also destroyed. Another feature of the transformation is that once certain areas are raised into gardens by using the soil of the surrounding areas, artificial pits are created where water is made to flow into, which would mean that no cultivation is possible in such pits. Conflicts among the farmers have also prevented the excess water from one area being diverted to another area.
Disappearance of the thodus, mentioned earlier, has added to the problem. All these have meant that large areas have not been cultivated, as they are now not cultivable. It is interesting to note that the land use statistics of Tirurangadi identifies about 100 acres of land as cultivable waste, and it is likely that the area might have increased already. The growth of mangroves, trees and shrubs like payan and kaitha have been effective in containing soil erosion in the coastal areas. The growth of mono-cultural gardens has implied that this type of vegetation is now being depleted. The problem came up sharply in recent times when developmental activities along the coastal region in Vallikkunnu Panchayat destroyed the mangrove areas there, resulting in soil erosion. The problem was raised specifically regarding the establishment of a tourist center in the mangrove area. The tourist centre continues to function, but the area has been brought under the forest department, by means of a Court order. All these show that the environmental balance in the area is highly precarious, and part of the problems of production and forms of livelihood stems from the environmental changes that have taken place. Unfortunately, these aspects have been given very little attention, and the tendency has been to make use of the present condition also for commercial purposes. The best example is the attempt by KTDC to transform the New Cut area into a tourist center, forgetting that the scheme was to promote agriculture by preventing water logging. Now the area is used by the District Tourism Promotion Council. The water logging in valiyachali in Velimukku, a man-made phenomenon at present, is also being made into a tourist attraction. All this indicates the lack of environmentally sustainable planning for the region. Livelihood patterns Another issue is the relationship between livelihood patterns and environment. Any scheme for environmentally sustainable development will look at any form of production
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
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logged areas. Old working women als
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Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
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Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
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It is not surprising that the repre
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escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
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widespread in the region. We should
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cooperation movement and the subseq
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Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
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Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
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The information given above can now
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Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
Page 249 and 250: Kaprat family has left the place, a
Page 251 and 252: The data given in table LV shows th
Page 253 and 254: Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
Page 255 and 256: their labor resources in the area w
Page 257 and 258: like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
Page 259 and 260: egan to be used, primary because
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Page 263 and 264: the gradual spread of rented holdin
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Page 267 and 268: So it is clear that although land r
Page 269 and 270: stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
Page 271 and 272: are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274: number of computer institutes. Lite
Page 275 and 276: Major section Domestic Agricultural
Page 277 and 278: programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280: and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282: The growth of the religious space h
Page 283 and 284: who are more educated, as the passp
Page 285 and 286: migrations to different parts of In
Page 287 and 288: scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
Page 289 and 290: was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292: Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
Page 293 and 294: also available. A more detailed wat
Page 295 and 296: higher than either Bharatapuzha or
Page 297 and 298: hence are rendered useless. The rai
Page 299: Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
Page 303 and 304: Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
Page 305 and 306: sustained them. This destruction of
Page 307 and 308: subsist in the area of servicing. E
Page 309 and 310: the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
Page 311 and 312: The trends seem to be clear. The de
Page 313 and 314: Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
Page 315 and 316: determined by the floating middle c
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Page 319 and 320: deprived sections favor the surviva
Page 321 and 322: already saw that majority of the su
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Page 325 and 326: alternative to be developed will be
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Page 329 and 330: the planning of wetlands should con
Page 331 and 332: women, it is possible to argue that
Page 333 and 334: laboring groups become the central
Page 335 and 336: experimented during the People’s
Page 337 and 338: VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
Page 339 and 340: Religious faith thus complements th
Page 341 and 342: Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
Page 343 and 344: Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
Page 345 and 346: I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348: Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350: Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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