Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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Education Total population Cultivators of Land-fully or Partly owned Cultivators Wholly or mainly unowned Cultivators- laborers Noncultivating owners male female male female Male female male female male female Literate 89996 40184 8555 5135 23373 11431 17967 6172 2297 1954 Middle school 4051 1486 477 270 749 226 246 83 200 81 SSLC 1410 310 237 52 226 38 18 6 105 31 Intermediate 128 27 27 8 8 1 2 - 41 - Graduate 119 10 11 1 5 - - - 24 - Postgraduate 1 1 - - - 1 1 - - - Teachers 547 105 53 6 59 3 11 - 9 - Engineer 1 - - - - - - - - - Agriculture - - - - - - - - - - Veterinary - - - - - - - - - - Commerce - - - - - - - - - - Law 4 - - - - - - - 1 - Medical 18 5 1 - - - - - 1 - Other 4 - - - - - - - - - Total 96158 42128 9361 5477 24420 11614 18244 6261 2678 2066 Illiterate 205230 270767 11486 15866 42085 54400 81326 101954 1930 3318 B: Non –Agricultural Classes Educational standards Producers other than cultivators Commerce Transport and communication Others and miscellaneous male female male Female Male Female Male female Literate 13414 2076 9472 3679 2127 474 12791 9263 Middle school 203 76 257 75 110 40 1819 641 SSLC 79 4 127 19 26 1 592 154 Intermediate - - 10 1 - - 40 17 Graduate 11 - 7 - - - 61 9 Postgraduate - - - - - - - - Teaching 7 - 8 3 - - 400 93 Engineer - - - - - - 1 - Agriculture - - - - - - - - veterinary - - - - - - - - Commerce- - - - - - - - - Law - - - - - - 3 - Medical - - - - - - 16 5 Others - - - - - - 4 - Total 13704 2156 9881 3777 2263 515 15727 10182
Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590 5554 6916 22400 28270 Source: Census of Madras and Coorg, 1951, Vol II; Tables The above tables though not specifically on the region but comprises the entire taluk in which the region forms a part, provides interesting trends. It shows that he agricultural population remains illiterate or barely literate, a few going to the middle school level, those who have passed SSLC and reached higher levels , particularly teaching, are gradually moving out of agriculture. Majority of those who are involved in commerce and other forms of production are illiterate, and the rest, barring a few are barely literate. Whether illiteracy involves absence of practical knowledge is a question that we may well ask. There are hardly any ‘modern’ professional classes in the area, except teachers. What happens when education goes up in the area and a modern professional class emerges is another matter that requires examination. The detailed analysis of the evidence shows that the region was still almost entirely agricultural, despite the trends of commercialization indicated earlier. A vast majority of the people were either agricultural laborers or small –scale cultivators, followed by the various artisan groups. There were a minimum number of landlords, who held majority of the lands among themselves. People who worked in the service sector were relatively few. There are two interesting features of employment during this period. One is that the number of people employed as daily wage labor was much less than the people employed in household industries (the so-called unorganized sector).There were no large scale industries in Eranad in 1951. The following is the number of cottage and small scale industries in Ernad taluk in1951.
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
Page 193 and 194: logged areas. Old working women als
Page 195 and 196: Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
Page 197 and 198: Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
Page 199 and 200: It is not surprising that the repre
Page 201 and 202: escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
Page 203 and 204: widespread in the region. We should
Page 205 and 206: cooperation movement and the subseq
Page 207 and 208: Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
Page 209 and 210: Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
Page 211 and 212: The information given above can now
Page 213 and 214: Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
Page 215 and 216: cultivation which does not require
Page 217 and 218: In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
Page 219 and 220: away from their homes. They were al
Page 221 and 222: opening of a number of ‘Mappila
Page 223 and 224: eligious instruction apart from lea
Page 225 and 226: profile of the people they were dea
Page 227 and 228: Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
Page 229 and 230: job of burying the corpses. The inf
Page 231 and 232: second the emergence of he Muslim l
Page 233 and 234: The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
Page 235 and 236: people were the most manifest. Afte
Page 237 and 238: indication of this is shown by the
Page 239 and 240: in favor of a compromise with the d
Page 241 and 242: egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
Page 243: Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
Page 247 and 248: others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
Page 249 and 250: Kaprat family has left the place, a
Page 251 and 252: The data given in table LV shows th
Page 253 and 254: Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
Page 255 and 256: their labor resources in the area w
Page 257 and 258: like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
Page 259 and 260: egan to be used, primary because
Page 261 and 262: problems in continuing as farmers,
Page 263 and 264: the gradual spread of rented holdin
Page 265 and 266: animal husbandry of this kind has r
Page 267 and 268: So it is clear that although land r
Page 269 and 270: stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
Page 271 and 272: are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274: number of computer institutes. Lite
Page 275 and 276: Major section Domestic Agricultural
Page 277 and 278: programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280: and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282: The growth of the religious space h
Page 283 and 284: who are more educated, as the passp
Page 285 and 286: migrations to different parts of In
Page 287 and 288: scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
Page 289 and 290: was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292: Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
Page 293 and 294: also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
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Village Manufacturing household Oth
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Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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