Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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Valllikkunnu and from pantharangadi to Kakkad and further east. Some of the oldest roads appear to have survived even today. The significance of these roads for trade and commerce in the region will be discussed later. The roads seem to have been made to allow a bullock cart to pass by; otherwise they were used by pack-bullocks or men carrying loads. Most of the major roads were built along the old roads. Water-logging appears to have made land travel difficult, and the only alternative was to use boats. Water transport appears to have been in vogue until recently, and people of the low-lying regions used boats to reach places like Feroke and Calicut, particularly during rainy season. Places like Chiramukku, Kundoor, Kaduvallur, Thirutti, Kodinji, and Thazhechena in Tirurangadi, Pantharangadi, Ullanam, Kunnathaparamba, Chuzhali, and Velimukku have several places called kadavu where boats used to come until recently and Kadalundi River was studded with kadavus throughout the course of the river in the field area. Boat travel is still used by the people of some of the islands such as Balathirutti to reach the mainland. Now bridges have appeared in most of the places, such as the Olipramkadavu Bridge, Mannittampara, Chuzhali-Palathingal Bridge, Kundankadavu Bridge, Parakkadavu Bridge and Panampuzha Bridge and the foot bridge to Balathirutti, which have made travel from one region to other easy. Bridges, like roads, have corresponded to the changing material milieu, a point that has to be discussed at a later stage. Flora and fauna Other resources concentrate on biodiversity of the region. Apart from paddy, Coconut, areca nut and plantains, of which mention has been made earlier, the area produces a wide variety of trees and plants. Parambas which were covered while walking had the following trees in general. They were jackfruit, mango, Tamarind, Elanji, Ayani, Erukku, Muringa, kanjiram, Avanakku, sandal, karimaruthu, Ungu, payan, Jnaval, betel nut apart from mangrove and kaitha, which were mentioned earlier. A number of medicinal plants,
such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Ummathinkaya, Avanakku, vellottu, Anakurunthotti, Kurunthotti, vallavanakku.vathamkolli,kunni, anathakara, velipparathi, Henna, Sankupushpam, white and blue have been found in the parambas held by traditional physicians. Pulses like greengram, black gram, horse gram, gingelly, ginger, and sesamum have been cultivated in the area. There are references to the presence of flax and Palmyra. Fishing and sale of fish were widespread along the coast, and testimony from Parappanangadi indicates large catches of prawn. Fish from the region reached far inside Malappuram district. Salt was also made, as shown by the mention of patannas, although these patannas are no longer used for making salt. It is thus clear that the major resource of the region is the bio-mass, which is extensive and diverse. As an illustration, we give below the list of medicinal herbs in Vallikkunnu Panchayat, which has been collected in an independent survey. Alternanthera Sessilis Monochoria vaginalis Neregamia alata Cyperus rotundus Kyllinga monocephala Pseudarthria viscida Heliotropium keralensis Vernonia cineria Achyranthus aspera Cuculigo orchioides Oldenlandia heynii Tridax procumbens Aristolochia indica Boerhavia diffusa Desmodium tritorium Andrographis paniculata Table XII Medicinal herbs in Vallikkunnu Panchayat Scientific name Habitat Wetlands Shallow ponds Upland weed Upland weed Upland in wet places Waysides, wastelands Moist places Weed Wastelands, waysides Wet shady places Roadsides, wastelands Common weed Open places Wastelands Lowlands and uplands Uplands, lowlands
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
Page 13 and 14: Socio-cultural processes and liveli
Page 15 and 16: particularly in rural areas like Ti
Page 17 and 18: Table II Population of Tirurangadi
Page 19 and 20: All these show that the tendencies
Page 21 and 22: as built environment by some geogra
Page 23 and 24: way seems to be to take the hard, b
Page 25 and 26: II History of the field work done b
Page 27 and 28: Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
Page 29 and 30: cultural artifacts also, such as ar
Page 31 and 32: and one is controlled by the LDF. T
Page 33 and 34: The research team had decided that
Page 35 and 36: of the survey. Since it was a sampl
Page 37 and 38: Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
Page 39 and 40: identify some features of naming. N
Page 41 and 42: Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
Page 43 and 44: Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
Page 45 and 46: Transformation of the pristine para
Page 47 and 48: As an illustration of this process,
Page 49 and 50: pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
Page 51 and 52: Perunthodu have suffered the same f
Page 53 and 54: Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
Page 55 and 56: The transformation is illustrated b
Page 57 and 58: have been traditionally used for im
Page 59 and 60: one or two features of the observat
Page 61 and 62: Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
Page 63: The situation is different in the l
Page 67 and 68: cleared) and old house- sites, such
Page 69 and 70: Apart from the large trees, a numbe
Page 71 and 72: Added to this is the change occurri
Page 73 and 74: stop, school, and so on. In an agra
Page 75 and 76: house-sites. Interestingly a large
Page 77 and 78: members of the family stay in the o
Page 79 and 80: an all-inclusive structure with res
Page 81 and 82: The implications of this rapidly sp
Page 83 and 84: Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
Page 85 and 86: Market centers Observations on the
Page 87 and 88: Panchayat Placename Market centre f
Page 89 and 90: Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
Page 91 and 92: flourished even a generation before
Page 93 and 94: has been a major transformation in
Page 95 and 96: The equally important feature is th
Page 97 and 98: karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
Page 99 and 100: Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
Page 101 and 102: Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
Page 103 and 104: with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
Page 105 and 106: y the early half of 19 th century,
Page 107 and 108: shops being brought down within a f
Page 109 and 110: Larger temples are fewer in number
Page 111 and 112: possibly the sea could enter and wo
Page 113 and 114: Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
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logged areas. Old working women als
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Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
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Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
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It is not surprising that the repre
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escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
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widespread in the region. We should
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cooperation movement and the subseq
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Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
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Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
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The information given above can now
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Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
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Kaprat family has left the place, a
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The data given in table LV shows th
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Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
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their labor resources in the area w
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like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
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egan to be used, primary because
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problems in continuing as farmers,
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the gradual spread of rented holdin
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animal husbandry of this kind has r
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So it is clear that although land r
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stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
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are prepared to spend on the work.
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number of computer institutes. Lite
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Major section Domestic Agricultural
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programme called Akshaya project, w
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and an ordinary housewife to have a
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The growth of the religious space h
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who are more educated, as the passp
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migrations to different parts of In
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scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
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was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
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Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
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also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348:
Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350:
Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
Page 351:
Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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