Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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existed until recently, is located in the road from Palathingal/pallippadi to Kakkad. From there a road proceeds to Kundoor athani, and this road intersects another road, from Venniyur to Tanur. Tirurangadi market is also close to Kadalundi River, so that goods brought by means of boats and changatams can also reach there. The original market centre of Parappanangadi, also called angadi, lies close to the sea, closer than the present Parappanangadi. The road from Kadalundi nagaram proceeds via this angadi to Tanur and Tirur, and is called Tipu Sultan Road. The angadi has thus access to both sea route and land route and goods brought through Kadalundi River also reaches there. Kottathangadi lies in the route from Chemmad to Tanur, and there are roads leading to parts of Kodinji from this angadi. Some of the areas where market places have developed appear to have had a large tree such as a pipal or a mango tree, which probably provided an intersecting point, and which also provided the necessary shade for the peddler to take rest and also sell his wares. Koottumoochi in Kodakkad, several places called moochikkal, for example in Peruvallur and pandimuttam in Nannambra point to the existence of mango tree and places like Theyyalinkal, Alinchodu, Alunkadavu, Alungal point to the existence of a papal tree. Such places were not obviously angadis but were resting places which could become centers of exchange. Similarly there are several places with the name athani, where stone platforms for keeping head loads or cartloads and taking rest can still be found. All the athanis are en route to an angadi or along a major road which acted as a trade route. For example there are athanis in Kundoor and pandimuttam along the road to Tanur. There is an athani in Velimukku en route from Kakkad to Chelari. Another athani lies in the road from Kadalundi nagaram to Parappanangadi. These resting places of old have developed into minor market centers. There are of course some places where athanis seem to have existed, such as Vaikkathupadam near Chelari, Pappanur near padikkal and in the route from
Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in Thenhippalam, where minor centers do not seem to have developed, but still they are useful in identifying old trade routes. The following is a list of athanis that have been identified in the field area and the type of operation going on today in the location Panchayat Place name Vallikkunnu Thenhippalam Peruvallur Parappanangadi Munniyur Anayarangadi Navajeevan Mundiyankavu Athanikkal Anangadi Olipramkadavu Katakkattupara Alungal Kakkathadam Moochikkal Super Chengani Nadukkara Olakara Ullanam Palathinkal Neduva Thayyilakkadavu Chelari Table XIX Location of the Athani Kottakkadavu Kizhayil Pallippadi Navajeevan Kuriyappatam Kanjirapotta Native school Kalariparamba Olippuram Paruthikkad Athanikkal Kacherikkunnu Anangadi Anappadi Theruvath Ramakrishna Road Katakkattupara Elekkattupatam Cholakulangara Mathapuzha Kakkathadam Moochikkal Parayil Irumpankutukku Chengani Nadukkara Pokayur Mathancheri Arakkal Karinkallathani Kottanthala Kovilakam Thayyilakkadavu Kolappuram Cherakkode Present status Minor market Minor market Not in use Minor market Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Minor market Market centre Not in use Minor market Not in use Not in use Not in use Minor market Not in use Not in use Not in use Minor market Minor market Not in use Minor market Minor market Minor market Not in use Not in use Not in use Not in use Doubtful identity Not in use Minor market Not in use Not in use
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
Page 37 and 38: Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
Page 39 and 40: identify some features of naming. N
Page 41 and 42: Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
Page 43 and 44: Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
Page 45 and 46: Transformation of the pristine para
Page 47 and 48: As an illustration of this process,
Page 49 and 50: pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
Page 51 and 52: Perunthodu have suffered the same f
Page 53 and 54: Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
Page 55 and 56: The transformation is illustrated b
Page 57 and 58: have been traditionally used for im
Page 59 and 60: one or two features of the observat
Page 61 and 62: Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
Page 63 and 64: The situation is different in the l
Page 65 and 66: such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
Page 67 and 68: cleared) and old house- sites, such
Page 69 and 70: Apart from the large trees, a numbe
Page 71 and 72: Added to this is the change occurri
Page 73 and 74: stop, school, and so on. In an agra
Page 75 and 76: house-sites. Interestingly a large
Page 77 and 78: members of the family stay in the o
Page 79 and 80: an all-inclusive structure with res
Page 81 and 82: The implications of this rapidly sp
Page 83 and 84: Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
Page 85 and 86: Market centers Observations on the
Page 87: Panchayat Placename Market centre f
Page 91 and 92: flourished even a generation before
Page 93 and 94: has been a major transformation in
Page 95 and 96: The equally important feature is th
Page 97 and 98: karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
Page 99 and 100: Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
Page 101 and 102: Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
Page 103 and 104: with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
Page 105 and 106: y the early half of 19 th century,
Page 107 and 108: shops being brought down within a f
Page 109 and 110: Larger temples are fewer in number
Page 111 and 112: possibly the sea could enter and wo
Page 113 and 114: Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
Page 115 and 116: Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
Page 117 and 118: The response to education and healt
Page 119 and 120: they are able to do it, is another
Page 121 and 122: enthusiasm was not shown by middle
Page 123 and 124: Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
Page 125 and 126: kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
Page 127 and 128: field area. There are kalapoottu ka
Page 129 and 130: eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
Page 131 and 132: IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
Page 133 and 134: (randuteru) and Chelari as examples
Page 135 and 136: However, the first indication a pol
Page 137 and 138: Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
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logged areas. Old working women als
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Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
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Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
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It is not surprising that the repre
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escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
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widespread in the region. We should
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cooperation movement and the subseq
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Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
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Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
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The information given above can now
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Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
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Kaprat family has left the place, a
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The data given in table LV shows th
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Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
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their labor resources in the area w
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like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
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egan to be used, primary because
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problems in continuing as farmers,
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the gradual spread of rented holdin
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animal husbandry of this kind has r
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So it is clear that although land r
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stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
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are prepared to spend on the work.
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number of computer institutes. Lite
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Major section Domestic Agricultural
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programme called Akshaya project, w
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and an ordinary housewife to have a
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The growth of the religious space h
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who are more educated, as the passp
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migrations to different parts of In
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scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
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was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
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Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
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also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348:
Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350:
Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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