Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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such jack and mango. They also produced some commercial crops like pepper, ginger, coconut, areca nut, gingelly, and betel. This variety of products not only gave additional means of consumption , but also products for exchange, a factor that resulted in the growth of various chanthas at Tirurangadi, athanikkal in Vallikkunnu, Chelari, Kunnummal and other places. It is network of chanthas that brought merchants and migrants from outside, and it should be remembered that these chanthas would not have developed, if there had not been efforts at mobilization of internal resources. It should also be noted that Tirurangadi became one of the most important chanthas in south Malabar. We have already seen the major obstacles to the sustenance of the developing network of production and distribution. One was the growth of landlordism, in the form of concentration of land in the hand of a few devaswams, manas, and Nayar and Muslim households. The growth of these households meant that a large part of the surplus was utilized for the ritual, political and household consumption of the landlords, which included provision for the temples and kavus, maintenance of kalaries and the personal entourage, and landlord lifestyles and tastes. This redistributive process was abetted by the British revenue system, which siphoned of another part of the surplus to maintain their state apparatuses. The repressive system introduced by the British in South Malabar, especially Tirurangadi was based on the surplus generated by the oppressed farmers themselves. Once British rule and landlordism disappeared, this form of redistributive economy also disappeared, and there was the possibility that the landholders would be able to develop a more sustainable system of production and distribution. Landlordism and the British state were not the only obstacles. Religion has played an equally powerful role, by preventing the human beings in the area from their inner capabilities. The tradition of Mamburam Thangals provided the necessary impetus to fight against the British and the landlords, but it also persuaded the people that any
alternative to be developed will be based on an Islamic moral, legal and political system. This assumption foreclosed the possibilities of the spaces offered by capitalist ‘modernity’ as system of knowledge, that could be used in production and distribution, and instead saw modernity as a technical instrument that would supplement the legal precepts of Islam. Such instruments are useful for satisfying immediate needs, and the alleviation of human miseries is in the hands of God. Thus Islam failed to provide the impetus that Calvinist Protestantism provided to the artisans in England and Holland, and instead, Muslim chose to migrate to other regions for the satisfaction of his immediate needs. As far as the Hindus are concerned caste system provided a similar obstacle, by preventing the untouchable primary producer from acquiring the necessary knowledge or resources that would enable him or her to take a leap forward as a producer. The land reforms introduced after the formation of Kerala provided a wonderful opportunity for the producers to break free from their shackles, but as we have seen, it has not happened so far. The artificial prosperity that we have outlined has also given the illusion that the road to Eldorado lies in a stint in the gulf, and also the possibilities of IT and Biotechnology. It is this actual experience that lay at the basis of the thinking of the dominant political forces. But we have pointed out the options which the market forces provide are uncertain and ephemeral, and do not provide for a sustainable livelihood pattern as far the region is concerned. Our historical experience enables us to look beyond such alternatives The emerging possibilities We have to start with human geography. We have seen how the undulating region with rocky uplands, loamy slopes and marshy lowlands were transformed by the people to develop their livelihood patterns. Any further development of livelihood patterns will have to be from a human ecological perspective, which takes both the nature of the
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
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logged areas. Old working women als
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Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
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Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
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It is not surprising that the repre
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escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
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widespread in the region. We should
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cooperation movement and the subseq
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Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
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Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
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The information given above can now
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Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
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Kaprat family has left the place, a
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The data given in table LV shows th
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Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
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their labor resources in the area w
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like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
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egan to be used, primary because
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problems in continuing as farmers,
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the gradual spread of rented holdin
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animal husbandry of this kind has r
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So it is clear that although land r
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stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
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are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274: number of computer institutes. Lite
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Page 277 and 278: programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280: and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282: The growth of the religious space h
Page 283 and 284: who are more educated, as the passp
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Page 289 and 290: was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292: Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
Page 293 and 294: also available. A more detailed wat
Page 295 and 296: higher than either Bharatapuzha or
Page 297 and 298: hence are rendered useless. The rai
Page 299 and 300: Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
Page 301 and 302: Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
Page 303 and 304: Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
Page 305 and 306: sustained them. This destruction of
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Page 311 and 312: The trends seem to be clear. The de
Page 313 and 314: Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
Page 315 and 316: determined by the floating middle c
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Page 331 and 332: women, it is possible to argue that
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Page 335 and 336: experimented during the People’s
Page 337 and 338: VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
Page 339 and 340: Religious faith thus complements th
Page 341 and 342: Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
Page 343 and 344: Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
Page 345 and 346: I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348: Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350: Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
Page 351: Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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