Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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against the tenets of Islam. Abdurrahman also was sympathetic to the plight of the small holders, tenant cultivators and laborers which made him side with the Congress socialists, which also was not a major agenda for the Muslim elite. The third and the most crucial, seems to have been his uncompromising anti- British position, which was not favored by the elite. As we have seen, The Muslim was at best ambivalent in their approach towards the British even after proven acts of state terrorism to crush the rebellion. Abdurrahman was opposed to the communal tendencies that developed among the rebels, but he equally condemned the British repression. There appears to have been a fourth reason also. Abdurrahman campaigned for the restoration of the properties of Tharamal Thangal of Mamburam to the successor of Sayyid Fasl. He formed a committee for the purpose, named Mamburam restoration Committee in 1933. The committee petitioned to the British Government to restore the properties to the legitimate owner and allow him to be domiciled in Mamburam. However, the holders of the properties of the Thangal, led by Khanbahadur Attakkoya, objected to the visit of Sayyid Ali. Sayyid Ali reached Madras from Srilanka and from there proceeded to Parappanangadi. According to the local informants, Mussakkutty adhikari, who agreed to receive him at the station, could not do so, as he passed away just before the scheduled time. Abdurrahman, Kunhikoyamuttynaha and others waited to receive Sayyid Ali at Parappanangadi. Sayyid Ali wanted to go to Mamburam, but Abdurrahman persuaded him to proceed to Calict and petition the authorities. The petition of Sayyid Ali was rejected by the authorities and refused him permission to enter the territory. As a result, Sayyid Ali was taken to the French territory of Mahe, where was put up with a friend of Abdurrahman. The Collector issued a proclamation denying permission to Sayyid Ali. In this issue, the elite, led by Khan Bahadur Attakkoyathangal were against Abdurrahman. It should also be noted that Abdurrahman was defeated by Khanbahadur Attakkoya in the election to the Vice- president ship of Malabar District Board.
The incident of Sayyid Ali is revealing in many ways. It is obvious that Mohammed Abdurrahman was using the issue as a major rallying point among the Muslims, because of the influence of the Thangal tradition among the people , particularly in Tirurangadi and Koduvayur ( Mamburam was part of Koduvayur, an area to which Abdurrahman had connections), and its potential subversive impact on the British rule. Probably he expected that the Thangal tradition would rally the Mappilas against the British. But the Ulema and the elite who would have been rallied by the Thangal tradition did not do so, and they tried to resist the entry of Sayyid Ali into Malabar. This is also not surprising, as we have seen that the Ulema were not serious about maintaining the Thangal tradition, and did not support the case of the direct descendants of Sayyid Fasl. Thangal tradition stayed with the people, but they were powerless against the Ulema, unless they were rallied by an equally powerful spiritual leader, such as Ali Musaliar. Secondly, there was no reason why they should be mobilized by a property dispute within an Ulema family, because by then the case of Sayyid Ali had acquired that colour. Despite the earnest efforts by Abdurrahman, there was no mass enthusiasm on the question of Sayyid Ali, or at least, it was never articulated in a mass action. This meant that whatever might have been the impact of the thangal tradition, its potential anti- British role had abated. It also indicated that the influence of the ulema per se, whether they were anti- British or not, was increasing. It should also be noted that despite the personal influence of Mohammed Abdurrahman, he could not develop a powerful group of activists in the area, who could carry forward the work of the Congress or CSP. Apparently, Abdurrahman also tried to convince the Ulema that it would be wise for them join the National movement and the Congress, but that also did not find their favor. Nationalist politics in its radical form did make an impact in certain parts of the region. Its impact was very clear in Vallikkunnu. Vallikkunnu was an area where the landlord –
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
Page 181 and 182: emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
Page 183 and 184: carried off the bodies and buried t
Page 185 and 186: autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
Page 187 and 188: one. The Thangals were seen as the
Page 189 and 190: open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
Page 191 and 192: The railroad also brought about cha
Page 193 and 194: logged areas. Old working women als
Page 195 and 196: Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
Page 197 and 198: Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
Page 199 and 200: It is not surprising that the repre
Page 201 and 202: escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
Page 203 and 204: widespread in the region. We should
Page 205 and 206: cooperation movement and the subseq
Page 207 and 208: Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
Page 209 and 210: Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
Page 211 and 212: The information given above can now
Page 213 and 214: Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
Page 215 and 216: cultivation which does not require
Page 217 and 218: In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
Page 219 and 220: away from their homes. They were al
Page 221 and 222: opening of a number of ‘Mappila
Page 223 and 224: eligious instruction apart from lea
Page 225 and 226: profile of the people they were dea
Page 227 and 228: Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
Page 229 and 230: job of burying the corpses. The inf
Page 231: second the emergence of he Muslim l
Page 235 and 236: people were the most manifest. Afte
Page 237 and 238: indication of this is shown by the
Page 239 and 240: in favor of a compromise with the d
Page 241 and 242: egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
Page 243 and 244: Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
Page 245 and 246: Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
Page 247 and 248: others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
Page 249 and 250: Kaprat family has left the place, a
Page 251 and 252: The data given in table LV shows th
Page 253 and 254: Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
Page 255 and 256: their labor resources in the area w
Page 257 and 258: like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
Page 259 and 260: egan to be used, primary because
Page 261 and 262: problems in continuing as farmers,
Page 263 and 264: the gradual spread of rented holdin
Page 265 and 266: animal husbandry of this kind has r
Page 267 and 268: So it is clear that although land r
Page 269 and 270: stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
Page 271 and 272: are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274: number of computer institutes. Lite
Page 275 and 276: Major section Domestic Agricultural
Page 277 and 278: programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280: and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282: The growth of the religious space h
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who are more educated, as the passp
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migrations to different parts of In
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scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
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was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
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Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
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also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
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Village Manufacturing household Oth
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Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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