Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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The impact of the new political formation and institutions was not immediately visible. The condition of the people remained miserable and they were oppressed by landlordism as well as the socio-economic effects of war. However, one change was visible, that of the emergence of new social groups. A new group of merchants were prospering in the war conditions, making use of the scarcity of essential commodities and soaring prices, and also by entering into arrangements with the merchants in Calicut, Coimbatore and other places. The rise of these merchants was important culturally also, as they financed the madrasas and yatheem khanas that were being set up. An educated elite was gradually developing, who studied in Calicut and other neaby towns, bringing along with them new ideas, both religious and secular. People were migrating to other parts of India and outside in search of opportunities, and they were beginning to bring their savings. A number of people also joined the army during war time, and they stood the chance of getting opportunities as ex-servicemen. Early years of Independence India’s independence was greeted with a lot of enthusiasm, while partition created its own tremors in the region. People shouted slogans for Pakistan, and when the opportunity came for migration, some people migrated. According to one informant, about 200 people migrated from the area of Kundoor. Apparently, the cause of the migration was the search for better livelihood and opportunities, rather than any national and religious feeling. It was not the well to do people who were migrating, and many of them returned, when they found that the opportunities were limited there and also because they were forced to be separated from their families who were Indian citizens. The fact that the families were left here in many cases showed that they were looking for better opportunities. One ex-serviceman remembered that he was serving in Karachi when India became independent. Those in the service were given the choice of citizenship in
Pakistan or India, and he chose India. Another man serving in Karachi chose Pakistan, but changed his mind as he wanted to rejoin his family. However, as soon as he reached home, he was identified as a Pakistani citizen and was deported. When he returned, Pakistan refused to take him back, and finally he was forced to settle in Bahrain. He regained Indian citizenship after several years through prolonged negotiations. There are several people going through similar problems in this area. Early years of independence also brought no cheer to the region, in terms of their economic conditions. However, other signs of transformation were becoming visible. More schools were being established in different parts of the region, by the Malabar District board and by private individuals. Roads and bridges were being built and buses and other motor vehicles began to operate. The growth of democratic struggles all over Kerala had resulted in the confidence that the days of landlordism were numbered, and all political parties working in the region did not oppose the new sentiment. Several landlords of the region had already settled in Calicut or nearby areas, such as Pootheri family, Kozhippurath Madhava Menon and others. The prevailing sentiment was strengthened by the election of a Government led by Sri. E.M.S. Nambutirippad, during1957. The available information from 1951 census and other documents help us understand the general characteristics of the region during the eve of Kerala state formation. The following information on Eranad Taluk including the region will give us an idea of the livelihood patterns in the fifties. Table LII Livelihood classes and educational standards –Eranad taluk -1951 A: Total population and Agricultural classes
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
Page 191 and 192: The railroad also brought about cha
Page 193 and 194: logged areas. Old working women als
Page 195 and 196: Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
Page 197 and 198: Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
Page 199 and 200: It is not surprising that the repre
Page 201 and 202: escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
Page 203 and 204: widespread in the region. We should
Page 205 and 206: cooperation movement and the subseq
Page 207 and 208: Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
Page 209 and 210: Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
Page 211 and 212: The information given above can now
Page 213 and 214: Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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Page 217 and 218: In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
Page 219 and 220: away from their homes. They were al
Page 221 and 222: opening of a number of ‘Mappila
Page 223 and 224: eligious instruction apart from lea
Page 225 and 226: profile of the people they were dea
Page 227 and 228: Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
Page 229 and 230: job of burying the corpses. The inf
Page 231 and 232: second the emergence of he Muslim l
Page 233 and 234: The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
Page 235 and 236: people were the most manifest. Afte
Page 237 and 238: indication of this is shown by the
Page 239 and 240: in favor of a compromise with the d
Page 241: egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
Page 245 and 246: Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
Page 247 and 248: others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
Page 249 and 250: Kaprat family has left the place, a
Page 251 and 252: The data given in table LV shows th
Page 253 and 254: Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
Page 255 and 256: their labor resources in the area w
Page 257 and 258: like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
Page 259 and 260: egan to be used, primary because
Page 261 and 262: problems in continuing as farmers,
Page 263 and 264: the gradual spread of rented holdin
Page 265 and 266: animal husbandry of this kind has r
Page 267 and 268: So it is clear that although land r
Page 269 and 270: stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
Page 271 and 272: are prepared to spend on the work.
Page 273 and 274: number of computer institutes. Lite
Page 275 and 276: Major section Domestic Agricultural
Page 277 and 278: programme called Akshaya project, w
Page 279 and 280: and an ordinary housewife to have a
Page 281 and 282: The growth of the religious space h
Page 283 and 284: who are more educated, as the passp
Page 285 and 286: migrations to different parts of In
Page 287 and 288: scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
Page 289 and 290: was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292: Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
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also available. A more detailed wat
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higher than either Bharatapuzha or
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hence are rendered useless. The rai
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Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
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Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
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Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
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sustained them. This destruction of
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subsist in the area of servicing. E
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the ‘modern’ cult of Gold, whic
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The trends seem to be clear. The de
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Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
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determined by the floating middle c
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consumerist tendency outlined above
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deprived sections favor the surviva
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already saw that majority of the su
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never create a system of production
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alternative to be developed will be
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planting of mangroves, kaitha, paya
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the planning of wetlands should con
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women, it is possible to argue that
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laboring groups become the central
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experimented during the People’s
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VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
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Religious faith thus complements th
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Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History
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Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
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I Panchayat Public Library Reading
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Village Manufacturing household Oth
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Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
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Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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