Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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Census of 1881, talukwar Statements Census of 1911, Malabar District, Village Statistics Census of 1921, Malabar District, Village Statistics Census of 1931, Malabar District, Village Statistics Census of 1951, Taluk wise statements Census of 1971, District handbook Malappuram Census of 1981, Village wise Statistics, abstract Census of 1991, Panchayat statistics Census of 2001, Panchayat statistics Records of Survey and Settlement, 1905, Statistics of relevant Desams. Records of Resettlement Survey, 1935, Records of relevant Villages. Statistical Atlas of Malabar, 1891, 1906, 1913, 1932. Manuals and Gazetteers Inns C.A.Malabar Gazetteer, VolI and II, Ed. by F.B.Evans, Madras state gazetteers, Madras 1951. Kareem C.K., Kerala District Gazetteers, Malappuram, Trivandrum, 1986. Logan W. A Manual of Malabar District, Vol.I and II, Madras, 1951. ________ A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and other papers of importance relating to the British Affairs of Malabar, Reprint, Kerala Gazetteers Department,Trivandrum,1998. Ward J and Conner C, A Descriptive Memoir of Malabar, Government of Madras, 1906, reprinted, Kerala Gazetteers Trivandrum, 1995. Secondary Works
Abdul Sattar, K.K.Mohammed, History of Ba Alawis in Kerala, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of History, University of Calicut,1999. Dale, Stephen F., Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922: Islamic Society on the South Asian frontier, Oxford, 1980. Dhanagare, D.N., Peasant Movements in India, Delhi, 1983. Eapen, Mridul, Rural Industrialisation in Kerala: its dynamics and local linkages, New Delhi, Manohar, 2001. Gurukkal, Rajan and Varier, M.R.Raghava, The Cultural History of Kerala Vol.I, Cultural Publications, Trivandrum, 1999. Krishna Ayyar, K.V., The Zamorins of Calicut, Calicut, 1938, Reprinted University of Calicut, 1999. Manilal K.S., and Sivarajan V.V, Flora of Calicut, Dehra Dun, 1982. Menon, A.Sreedhara, A Survey of Kerala History, Kottayam, 1967 Narayanan, M.G.S., Perumals of Kerala, 1996. ----------------------(Ed), Vanjeri Granthavari, Calicut University Historical series Vol.I, Calicut, 1987. Panikkar K.N., Against the Lord and the State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar1836-1921, Oxford, 1989. --------------( Ed).,Peasant Protests and Revolts in Malabar, Indian Council of Historical research and People’s Publishing House, Delhi,1990. Paranjpe, Suhas, Joy K.J, Machado, Terry, Varma, Ajaykumar, and Swaminathan, S- Watershed: Watershed based development- A Sourcebook, Bharat Gyan Vigyan samiti, New Delhi, 1998. Varier, M.R.Raghava, and Gurukkal, Rajan, Keralacharitram (Mal), Vallathol Vidyapeetham, Edappal, 1992.
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Socio-cultural Processes and Liveli
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karanavakkoottams and helping us wi
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Obligor Project Team Dr. P.P.Mohamm
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Socio-cultural processes and Liveli
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. CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. Hi
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XXXV Revenue Settlement of Parappan
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Socio-cultural processes and liveli
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particularly in rural areas like Ti
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Table II Population of Tirurangadi
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All these show that the tendencies
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as built environment by some geogra
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way seems to be to take the hard, b
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II History of the field work done b
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Chenganasseri(Kottayam), Kunninmel(
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cultural artifacts also, such as ar
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and one is controlled by the LDF. T
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The research team had decided that
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of the survey. Since it was a sampl
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Preliminaries III Walking Tiruranga
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identify some features of naming. N
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Chengani Nadukkara Parampil peetika
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Table VI Place name Paramba Kavu Ow
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Transformation of the pristine para
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As an illustration of this process,
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pond in a pallyal, and the stored w
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Perunthodu have suffered the same f
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Chelari Table VIII Place name Name
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The transformation is illustrated b
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have been traditionally used for im
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one or two features of the observat
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Placename Paramba/field Path or lan
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The situation is different in the l
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such as Amalpori, Neela amari, Umma
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cleared) and old house- sites, such
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Apart from the large trees, a numbe
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Added to this is the change occurri
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stop, school, and so on. In an agra
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house-sites. Interestingly a large
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members of the family stay in the o
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an all-inclusive structure with res
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The implications of this rapidly sp
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Alameen nagar Koyappayil Paramba Ki
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Market centers Observations on the
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Panchayat Placename Market centre f
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Olipramkadavu to kadakkattupara in
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flourished even a generation before
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has been a major transformation in
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The equally important feature is th
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karimkutti, Gulikan, muththappan, k
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Source: Field diaries, Vallikkunnu
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Day ten Day eleven Day twelve Day t
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with khabr. Srambis are seen virtua
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y the early half of 19 th century,
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shops being brought down within a f
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Larger temples are fewer in number
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possibly the sea could enter and wo
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Thenhippalam 10* 6 3 1** University
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Nannambra 2 20 * indicates only gen
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The response to education and healt
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they are able to do it, is another
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enthusiasm was not shown by middle
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Peruvallur Munniyur Nannambra Parap
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kolkali gurukkal in the area. Now k
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field area. There are kalapoottu ka
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eported, such as mullanmada in Vall
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IV Tirurangadi-Historical and Cultu
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(randuteru) and Chelari as examples
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However, the first indication a pol
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Ariyallur and Nirakaithakotta templ
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included families such as kizhakkin
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conducted by five tharas, kuroortha
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areas show the presence of the Naha
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mention migrations from Tanur, Vail
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appears to have been relatively les
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They were settlements of cultivator
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The British army was led by Col.Har
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distances, are too numerous to be d
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the Rajas of Beypore, Parappanad an
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to the landlord was only possible o
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e replaced by other cash crops prim
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there was no effort to convert them
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are extensively cultivated. The ele
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these privileges were used against
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the great disparities in the agrari
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Nannambra 881 4481 1432(31.96) 3049
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upees above 1000acres - 1 - - - 1 0
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in Parappanangadi held most of the
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Desam Total Assessed Land(in acres
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centre. Along with the mosques, the
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British as the most dangerous to th
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emoving the blouse, Panikkar had he
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carried off the bodies and buried t
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autonomous spaces. Spiritual work t
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one. The Thangals were seen as the
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open. Sayyid Fasl’s son Sayyid Hy
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The railroad also brought about cha
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logged areas. Old working women als
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Malabar Rebellion in Tirurangadi It
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Fasli Rice (second sort) 1313 1314
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It is not surprising that the repre
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escaped. Ali Musaliar was sentenced
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widespread in the region. We should
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cooperation movement and the subseq
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Survey 1905 1935 Total No. of holdi
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Survey 1905 1935 Total no. of holdi
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The information given above can now
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Crop Variety Trikkulam Desam Parapp
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cultivation which does not require
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In the case of Tirurangadi, even th
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away from their homes. They were al
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opening of a number of ‘Mappila
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eligious instruction apart from lea
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profile of the people they were dea
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Keranallur thodu or Connolly thodu.
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job of burying the corpses. The inf
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second the emergence of he Muslim l
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The incident of Sayyid Ali is revea
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people were the most manifest. Afte
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indication of this is shown by the
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in favor of a compromise with the d
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egulated by the Mahal Committee. Th
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Pakistan or India, and he chose Ind
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Illiterate 26533 40533 13796 19590
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others 12 37 Source: Census of 1951
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Kaprat family has left the place, a
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The data given in table LV shows th
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Peruvallur 3270 (43.97) (4.49) (25.
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their labor resources in the area w
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like thekkan, otiyan, nayaru, vella
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egan to be used, primary because
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problems in continuing as farmers,
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the gradual spread of rented holdin
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animal husbandry of this kind has r
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So it is clear that although land r
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stores, TV showrooms and repair sho
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are prepared to spend on the work.
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number of computer institutes. Lite
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Major section Domestic Agricultural
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programme called Akshaya project, w
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and an ordinary housewife to have a
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The growth of the religious space h
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who are more educated, as the passp
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migrations to different parts of In
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scale chanthas of the kind of Tirur
Page 289 and 290: was reconstituted into Thenhippalam
Page 291 and 292: Table LXIX Sectors Plan funds Plan
Page 293 and 294: also available. A more detailed wat
Page 295 and 296: higher than either Bharatapuzha or
Page 297 and 298: hence are rendered useless. The rai
Page 299 and 300: Type of agricultural Product Paddy(
Page 301 and 302: Disappearance of the thodus, mentio
Page 303 and 304: Munniyur 645 1881 2526 438 761 1199
Page 305 and 306: sustained them. This destruction of
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Page 311 and 312: The trends seem to be clear. The de
Page 313 and 314: Pattasseri, Palakkad, Chonari, Anch
Page 315 and 316: determined by the floating middle c
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Page 325 and 326: alternative to be developed will be
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Page 331 and 332: women, it is possible to argue that
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Page 335 and 336: experimented during the People’s
Page 337 and 338: VI Conclusion and Major Findings Th
Page 339: Religious faith thus complements th
Page 343 and 344: Thenhippalam Grama Panchayat, Do Ti
Page 345 and 346: I Panchayat Public Library Reading
Page 347 and 348: Village Manufacturing household Oth
Page 349 and 350: Bullocks He- buffaloes cows Bulls&
Page 351: Pathan - - - - - - - - Other mohamm
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Socio-cultural Processes and Livelihood Patterns at Tirurangadi - CDS

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