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THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 102
Table 16.1 Single character notation
A adjective (sometimes also including adverb); adverbial; agent, subject of a
transitive verb; argument
C consonant; complement; complementiser
D determiner
F formant; F 0 means ‘fundamental frequency’
G glide
H high tone; heavy syllable; high form in diglossic situation
I inflection
K case
L liquid; low tone; light syllable; low form in diglossic situation; language
(esp. when followed by a number, e.g. L1 ‘first language’)
N noun; nasal
O object (if not further specified, direct object)
P phrase; preposition (perhaps more generally, adposition); predicator;
predicate; patient of a transitive verb
Q question marker; quantifier
R, r root
S sentence; subject; subject of an intransitive verb
T tense; familiar second person; transformation
V vowel; verb; polite second person
X, Y, Z variables; in X-bar grammar X is a variable over A, N, P and V; in
Autosegmental phonology, X is a slot in the skeleton; elsewhere these
represent any sequence of relevant units including none at all
a adjective
e empty node
f feminine
i, j used to mark co-reference between NPs
m masculine
n neuter; noun
t trace of a node whose contents have been moved
v verb
# a phonological and morphological boundary; usually loosely glossed as
‘word boundary’ but having more specific meaning in some theories
$ syllable boundary
� a phonological and morphological boundary; usually loosely glossed as
‘morpheme boundary’ but having more specific meaning in some theories
� a phonological and morphological boundary, less strong than ‘�’;
indicating word divisions in a gloss
. (full stop) syllable boundary; indicating word divisions in a gloss
- morpheme boundary; intermediate intonational boundary
· (decimal point) morph boundary
� glottal stop; equivalent to a single bar in X-bar theory
� equivalent to a double bar in X-bar theory
† obsolete
| foot boundary; minor tone unit boundary
| (major) tone unit boundary
% dialectally variable; intonational phrase boundary