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207 CITATION ETIQUETTE
Table 34.1 Abbreviations in references
Abbreviation Full form Meaning Comment
et al. et alii
(masculine
or mixed
gender)/et
aliae
(feminine)
‘and others’ Used to indicate multiple authorship
ib., ibid. ibidem ‘in the May either mean ‘in the same work’
same place’ – in which case a page number may
be given – or ‘at the same place in
the work mentioned’; frequently
used to mean ‘in the last work you
were referred to’; used only if a
single work is given in the last reference
id. idem ‘the same’ Means the same person; used to
replace the author’s name in
successive references
loc. cit. loco citato ‘in the Means on the same page as the last
place cited’ reference
op. cit. opere citato ‘in the work Requires an author’s name and a
cited’ page number; refers to the most
recently cited work by this author
s.v. sub verbo ‘under the Really useful for citing dictionaries
word’ and glossaries where the
information is best located by the
headword rather than by the page
number; for example, you can find
references to a nun’s hen in The
Oxford English Dictionary s.v. nice
marker (in the short term) or your peers (in the longer term) who want to be
able to trace the development of ideas. For an entertaining but sobering perspective
on what happens when it all goes wrong, read Pullum (1991), which
makes the point that even fully fledged linguists are often not careful enough
with their referencing, and that this can lead to gross misinformation. Proper
referencing should allow gross misinformation to be avoided.
Reference
Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1991). The great Eskimo vocabulary hoax. In Geoffrey K.
Pullum, The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study
of Language. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 159–71.