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Language name Irish Erse �aiəriʃ
Language name Indonesian Bahasa indəυ�ni�ʒən
Indonesia
THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 280
Autonym (if known and different)
Autonym (if known and different)
Language family Indo-European Celtic
Language family Austronesian
Spoken in Ireland
Spoken in Indonesia
Approximate number of speakers 30k
Approximate number of speakers 190m
Writing system Roman
Writing system Roman
Phonetics/phonology
Phonetics/phonology
Stress word-initial
Stress word-penultimate
Contains following rare contrasting palatalised and velarised consonants
consonant (types)
Contains following rare
consonant (types)
Said to have how many vowels? 6�length�nasalisation�ə in unstressed syllables
Said to have how many vowels? 6�3 diphthongs
Marked vowel types back unrounded
Marked vowel types
Tone none
Tone none
Rhythm no information
Rhythm syllable-timing
Vowel harmony some height harmony
Vowel harmony none
Morphology fusional stem-based
Morphology agglutinative word-based
Particular formation types prefix; suffix; internal modification
Syntax
Particular formation types dvandva; infix; prefix; partial prefixed and partial suffixed
and full reduplication; suffix; synaffix
Word order VSO NA prepositions
NPoss
Syntax
Word order SVO NA prepositions
NPoss
Particular syntactic phenomena gender; inflecting prepositions; morphological aspect;
conjugation classes
Particular syntactic phenomena classifier; inclusive / exclusive 1st plural
Points of interest initial mutation; the term ‘Erse’ seems to be avoided in
technical descriptions because it is ambiguous between the
Scottish and Irish languages
Points of interest 3 degrees of formality in pronouns
Sources Campbell (1991), Katzner (1977), Kwee (1976), Macdonald
& Darjowidjojo (1967), Ruhlen (1976)
Sources Campbell (1991), Katzner (1977), Gordon (2002),
Mac Eoin (1993), Ó Siadhail (1989)
isiXhosa see Xhosa
isiZulu see Zulu