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THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 348
Language name Tondano
Language name Tol Jicaque
Autonym (if known and different)
Autonym (if known and different)
Language family Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian
Language family Hokan isolate
Spoken in Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Spoken in Honduras
Approximate number of speakers 92k
Approximate number of speakers 200
Writing system Roman, but not standardised
Writing system
Phonetics/phonology
Phonetics/phonology
Stress word-penultimate
Stress weight-based system; last two syllables of the word
Contains following rare
consonant (types)
Said to have how many vowels? 6
Contains following rare ejective
consonant (types)
Said to have how many vowels? 6
Marked vowel types
Marked vowel types back unrounded
Tone register
Tone none
Rhythm no information
Rhythm no information
Vowel harmony none
Vowel harmony vowel height
Morphology agglutinative word-based
Morphology agglutinative stem-based
Particular formation types infix; prefix; suffix; synaffix
Particular formation types apophony; infix; prefix; partial prefixed and full
reduplication; suffix; suprasegmentals used
morphologically
Syntax
Word order SVO NA prepositions
NPoss
Particular syntactic phenomena classifiers; morphological aspect; conjugation classes
Syntax
Word order SOV NA postpositions
NPoss
Points of interest
Sources Sneddon (1975)
Particular syntactic phenomena conjugation classes
Points of interest
Sources Holt (1999)