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189 GLOSSES References Foley, William A. (1991). The Yimas Language. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Lehmann, Christian (1982). Directions for interlinear morphemic translations. Folia Linguistica 16: 199–224.
31 Use versus mention I recall the first time I had a cryptic crossword clue explained to me. The clue was ‘Cheese that is made backwards (4)’ and the answer was, of course, ‘Edam’. I thought this was terribly witty – which probably says more about my age at the time than anything else! Later in life, I came back to this clue, now dissatisfied with it. The clue is deliberately misleading. The process of making the cheese is not reversed in the production of Edam, which is what, on the face of it, the clue says. Rather, the name of the cheese is the word made written backwards. Cryptic crossword clues are designed to exploit such potential ambiguities in language. But as linguists we want to be clearer than that, and to avoid such ambiguities. The difference can be explained as a distinction between use and mention. The reason my crossword clue is misleading is that we assume that the word made is being used in the clue as a normal word of English. But to get the answer, we have to see that made is really being mentioned: we have to reinterpret made and see it not as part of the verb but as the name of a particular orthographic word. As linguists, we would want to write ‘Cheese that is made backwards (4)’, thus destroying the ambiguity (and making the clue at lot easier to solve). Mentioned words are set in italics (underlined in manuscript). The convention has already been used in this section, and is used generally in this book. As linguists we regularly mention bits of language. Some examples are given in (1)–(5), where italics are used to show that mention is involved. (1) Red in red chair is an epithet, while in red wine it is a classifier. (2) Chomsky’s (1957: 15) famous example of Colourless green ideas sleep furiously can be interpreted in several ways.
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The Linguistics Student's Handbook
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© Laurie Bauer, 2007 Edinburgh Uni
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THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOO
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14 Native speaker The native speake
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16 Notational conventions Linguisti
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99 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS (. ..) Th
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101 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS use it a
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103 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS Table 16
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105 FREQUENT ABBREVIATIONS AND INIT
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18 Terminology: ambiguity There are
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109 TERMINOLOGY: AMBIGUITY Table 18
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20 The International Phonetic Assoc
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21 Reading phonetics and phonology
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133 READING PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
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22 Foreign expressions Although few
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Page 172 and 173: 161 LAWS AND PRINCIPLES Kiparsky, P
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239 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Bon
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241 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Bur
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243 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Can
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245 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Cat
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247 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Chi
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249 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Chu
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251 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Cro
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253 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Dan
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255 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Din
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257 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Dyi
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259 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Err
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261 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Ewe
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263 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Fin
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265 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Ful
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267 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Geo
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269 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Gre
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271 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Guu
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273 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Hau
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275 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Hin
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277 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Hun
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279 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Ilo
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281 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Jac
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283 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kam
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285 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kar
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287 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kil
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289 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kob
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291 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kor
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293 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Kwa
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295 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Len
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297 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mac
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299 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mal
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301 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mam
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303 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mar
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305 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mei
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307 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Mix
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309 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Nah
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311 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Ndy
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313 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Niu
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315 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Nor
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317 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Oro
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319 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Pan
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323 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Pom
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325 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Qui
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327 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Rom
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335 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Slo
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337 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Spa
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339 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Swa
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341 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tak
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343 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tha
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345 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tiw
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347 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tok
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349 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tru
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351 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tur
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353 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Tzo
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355 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Uru
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357 LANGUAGE FILE Language name War
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359 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Wel
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361 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Wol
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363 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Yid
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365 LANGUAGE FILE Language name Zap
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367 LANGUAGE FILE Language name !X
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369 LANGUAGE FILE Bauer, Winifred (
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371 LANGUAGE FILE Crazzolara, J. P.
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373 LANGUAGE FILE Gruzdeva, Ekatari
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375 LANGUAGE FILE Klamer, Marian (2
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379 LANGUAGE FILE Rothstein, Robert
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381 LANGUAGE FILE Wälchli, Bernhar
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383 INDEX cliché, 13 closed class,
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385 INDEX micron, 140 minimal pair,
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387 INDEX theta-criterion, 158 thor
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