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201 CITATION ETIQUETTE
(8) Chomsky (1965: 3) calls these ‘formatives’.
(9) Chomsky (1965) provides a statement of what later became known as
the ‘standard’ theory of syntax.
In some instances, particularly in referring to reference works or works which
have appeared in several editions (e.g. translated into several languages), it may
make more sense to refer to a section or paragraph number rather than a page
number. The symbol ‘§’ can be used to mean ‘section’. It is not always
absolutely clear when you should give a page or section number and when you
should not: individual authors or editors may prefer more or fewer page
numbers. For beginners, it is recommended that a page number should be given
whenever there is a reference to a specific passage, and omitted only in the
general cases illustrated by (9), where the reference is to the whole book.
How do I refer?
In general, the name–date–page method of reference illustrated in (8) and (9)
is used in linguistics, and will be assumed here. However, if you are using some
other system of referencing, you should make sure that you give information
equivalent to that which is available in the name–date–page system. You will
certainly need to be able to read other referencing systems if you read works
from before the middle of the last century.
Where do I put the reference?
Most commonly, it will be obvious that the date and page should come immediately
after the name of the author, so that in (1) we will say ‘Chomsky (1957:
32) believes that this is because …’ and so on. The problem becomes more
acute when the name of the author is not part of your sentence. For example,
references for a sentence like (5) might be inserted immediately after the word
scholars or at the end of the sentence. Thus we might get ‘Many scholars (e.g.
Smith 1935; Brown 1950; Jones 1986) believe that …’ or we might get ‘Many
scholars believe that the morpheme is a physical reality (see e.g. Smith 1935;
Brown 1950; Jones 1986)’. In such lists, authors may be listed in chronological
order (as here) or in alphabetical order – be consistent! Even harder is the case
where we mention the name of the author, and then provide a direct citation.
For example, ‘Lyons in his book published in 1968 makes on page 425 the
comment that ‘“reference” necessarily carries with it the presupposition of
“existence”.’ The rule is to formulate this so as to give the reference just once
and all in the same place. An obvious way of doing this is to say ‘Lyons (1968:
425) comments that “ ‘reference’ necessarily carries with it the presupposition
of ‘existence’”.’ An alternative might be to say that ‘It must be recalled that