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257 LANGUAGE FILE
Language name Dyirbal �dj��bəl
Language name Dutch d��
Autonym (if known and different)
Autonym (if known and different) Nederlands
Language family Pama-Nyungan
Language family Indo-European Germanic
Spoken in Queensland (Australia)
Spoken in Netherlands, Belgium, Surinam, Dutch Antilles
Approximate number of speakers 40
Approximate number of speakers 19m
Writing system
Writing system Roman
Phonetics/phonology
Phonetics/phonology
Stress word-initial
Stress word-initial
Contains following rare retroflex
consonant (types)
Contains following rare
consonant (types)
Said to have how many vowels? 3
Said to have how many vowels? 13�8 diphthongs
Marked vowel types
Marked vowel types front rounded
Tone none
Tone none
Rhythm no information
Rhythm no information
Vowel harmony none
Vowel harmony none
Morphology agglutinative word-based
Morphology fusional word-based
Particular formation types partially prefixed and full reduplication; suffix
Particular formation types prefix; suffix; synaffix; apophony
Syntax
Word order determined by NA neither
focus NPoss
Syntax
Word order V2 AN prepositions
PossN
Particular syntactic phenomena absolutive / ergative and nominative / accusative
marking; gender; morphological aspect; conjugation classes;
dual; alienable / inalienable possession
Particular syntactic phenomena gender; conjugation classes
Points of interest Flemish (Vlaams), spoken in Belgium, sometimes
considered a separate language, can be viewed as a variety
of Dutch
Points of interest ‘mother-in-law language’ is an avoidance variety
used reciprocally to and in the hearing of certain
taboo relatives, including mothers-in-law
Sources Campbell (1991), Koolhoven (1949), Ruhlen (1976)
Sources Dixon (1972), Ruhlen (1976)